气升式反应器气液两相流流态特性模拟

为了研究曝气强度对气升式反应器内气液两相流特性的影响,组合多相流Eulerian—Eulerian模型和液相Standardk-ε湍流模型,运用Fluent软件建立了气升式反应器内气液两相流的三维非稳态数值模拟。在曝气管布局方式一定的情况下,模拟计算获得了反应器内x轴截面处不同径向位置的气含率、液速分布情况,计算结果表明,在本文研究的曝气强度范围内,气含率随着曝气强度增加而增加,越靠近曝气池底部,升流区局部气含率越高,且气含率值波动较大;随着曝气强度的增加,曝气孔附近液速增加较明显,但随着气液两相流的上升,液速增加幅度降低;同时采用粒子图像测速（PIV）技术对液相速度进行了实验研究,实验结果与模拟结果吻合性较好。     

水流紊动特性对活性污泥沉降性能的影响

为优化活性污泥处理系统的设计和运行,在SBR反应器中通过改变搅拌浆的转速,调整水流的紊动条件,借助粒子图像测速技术分析了反应器内水流的紊动特性,研究了反应器内不同区域紊动强度对活性污泥沉降性能的影响.结果表明,搅拌浆叶周围15mm的范围内,紊动强度远高于距桨叶更远的区域,距离浆板5mm的1-1断面和距离浆板60mm的3-3断面搅拌轴心处的紊动强度值分别反映了反应器搅拌主体区和其他区的紊动特征.随搅拌浆转速的增加,反应器内各区域的紊动强度逐渐增加,活性污泥的沉降性能表现出先改善后恶化的规律.当反应器搅拌主体区紊动强度1.51%,其他区紊动强度0.31%时,本试验条件下形成的活性污泥沉降指数(SVI)达到最小值67mL/g,界面沉降速率(ZSV)达到最大值0.20mm/s,活性污泥的沉降性能最佳.搅拌主体区范围较小,紊动强度较高,增强该区的紊动强度会加剧污泥的侵蚀破坏;其他区范围较大,紊动强度较低,增强该区的紊动强度对改善污泥的沉降效果作用明显.工程中可通过降低搅拌主体区的紊动强度,选择其他区适当的紊动强度,改善活性污泥的沉降性能.     

常温下向ABR反应器中加入惰性载体促进颗粒污泥形成

常温条件下(21～25℃),用实验室规模的2个厌氧折流板反应器进行颗粒污泥培养实验,向其中一个反应器(称为B反应器)接种厌氧污泥的同时加入惰性载体,另一个反应器(称为A反应器)作为对照只接种厌氧污泥,考察了惰性载体对ABR反应器中颗粒污泥的形成和反应器运行效果的影响.结果表明,惰性载体的加入促进了反应器中颗粒污泥的形成,提高了反应器的处理效果.运行162 d后,B反应器每个隔室均出现大量颗粒污泥,4个隔室中粒径>0.5 mm的颗粒达到57.6%～72.7%;A反应器仅第1隔室中形成了大量颗粒污泥,其他3个隔室中粒径>0.5 mm的颗粒仅占11.3%～34.7%.COD去除率稳定保持在85%以上所需时间,B反应器比A反应器少用了51 d.     

Molecular characterization of bacterial community in aerobic granular sludge stressed by pentachlorophenol

To characterize the effects of pentachlorophenol (PCP) on the performance and microbial community of aerobic granular sludge in sequencing batch reactor (SBR), the web-based terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and real-time PCR (RT- PCR) techniques were used to explore the bacterial community structure. When PCP increased from 0 to 50 mg/L, the COD removal rate changed little, while the ammonia removal rate dropped from 100% to 64.9%. The results of molecular characterization showed t...     

硝化生物膜系统对低温的适应特性:MBBR和IFAS

为探明硝化生物膜系统对低温的适应特性,在不同温度(20、 15和10℃)下长期运行移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)和生物膜-活性污泥复合工艺(IFAS)并考察温度降低对其硝化性能、生物膜特性及群落结构的影响,以期为生物膜系统在污水处理行业的应用提供理论依据.结果表明,当温度降低至10℃时,MBBR和IFAS的氨氮去除率分别为(90.88±5.73)%和(99.79±0.31)%,表明IFAS比MBBR具有更好的低温适应性.这是由于低温导致胞外聚合物(EPS)含量的增加,进而促使生物膜厚度及干重不断升高,而相同负荷下的MBBR生物膜更容易堵塞,从而影响传质.活性测定结果表明,尽管IFAS中活性污泥的硝化贡献率始终占主导地位,但随着温度降低,生物膜的氨氧化贡献率从30.72%逐渐上升至39.85%,起到了强化硝化的作用.qPCR结果显示,温度的降低使生物膜中硝化细胞拷贝数上升,其与低温下生物膜厚度的增加一定程度上弥补了硝化活性的衰减,从而体现了生物膜对低温较强的适应性.     

SBR运行模式对市政污水脱氮除磷性能的影响分析

为解决传统活性污泥法处理市政污水效率较低的问题,借助复合絮凝剂加速污泥沉降的特性,考察了常规运行模式(M1,阶段Ⅰ)、原水与部分出水混合进水的运行模式(M2,阶段Ⅱ～Ⅳ)、缺氧回流型运行模式(M3,阶段Ⅴ)对SBR反应器脱氮除磷的影响.实验结果表明,M2模式的阶段Ⅲ(水力停留时间(HRT)为16 h)～阶段Ⅳ(HRT为8 h,复合絮凝剂投加量均为20μL·L^-1),控制组与实验组的TP去除负荷分别从8.0、12.3 g·m^-3·d^-1上升到21.9、26.4 g·m^-3·d^-1,表明高水力负荷有利于聚磷菌发挥作用,投加复合絮凝剂进一步提升了磷的去除能力.在3种模式中,M3模式处理效率最高,实验组沉淀时间为5 min,其出水COD、NH⁺₄-N、TN、TP的平均浓度分别为21.6、0.28、15.7、0.18 mg·L^-1,相应平均去除率分别为93%、99%、67%、98%,除TN外,均可达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物...     

反应堆压力容器保温层辐射屏蔽组件传热计算分析及屏蔽材料试验研究

目的 确保华龙一号HPR1000反应堆压力容器保温层辐射屏蔽组件在运行工况下的可靠性、安全性以及能够有效执行其功能。方法 采用基于传热理论结合经验公式的理论计算方法,以及流固耦合的有限元仿真分析,对辐射屏蔽组件的运行温度进行计算。针对屏蔽材料在受热状态下的性质变化,进行一系列的热态性质试验。结果 理论计算方法得到的结果为163.36~168.74 ℃,有限元仿真分析得到的结果为236.85~266.85 ℃,两者偏差约100 ℃。对造成该种差异的原因进行了分析,发现仿真分析方法得到的结果的置信度更高。屏蔽材料在受热状态下,其体积膨胀率可达到38.82%,而当屏蔽材料受热超过其温度限值204 ℃后,将出现明显的粉化等物理状态恶化的趋势。结论 流固耦合的有限元仿真分析方法更适用于辐射屏蔽组件的传热过程计算,同时获取了屏蔽材料物理性状受热变化趋势,对屏蔽组件的选材及结构设计具有指导意义。     

Oxidative destabilization of dissolved organics and E. coli in domestic wastewater through immobilized cell reactor system

Domestic wastewater contains a considerable amount of pathogenic organisms besides non-biodegradable organics. The conventional technologies followed for the treatment of domestic wastewater are less efficient in removing pathogenic organisms despite substantial removal of dissolved organics. The focal theme of the present investigation was to use a chemo-autotrophic activated carbon oxidation (CAACO) system, an immobilized cell reactor using chemoautotrophs (Bacillus sp.) for the treatment of domestic wastewater. The oxidation of organics and Escherichia coli in wastewater is controlled by the parameters space time, O(2)/COD, bed height and cod loading. The scheme comprised of anaerobic treatment, sand filtration and CAACO treatment removed BOD. COD, Total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved protein, total Kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN) and bacterial count (most probable number (MPN)) by 81%, 92%, 84%, 94%, 93% and 99.9997%, respectively. The low concentration of E. coli in the CAACO-treated wastewater was completely eliminated through UV irradiation in 3 min at 254 nm.     

Hydroxyl radical intensified Cu2O NPs/H2O2 process in ceramic membrane reactor for degradation on DMAc wastewater from polymeric membrane manufacturer

• Cu₂O NPs/H₂O₂ Fenton process was intensified by membrane dispersion. • DMAc removal was enhanced to 98% for initial DMAc of 14000 mg/L. • Analyzed time-resolved degradation pathway of DMAc under ·OH attack. High-concentration industrial wastewater containing N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) from polymeric membrane manufacturer was degraded in Cu₂O NPs/H₂O₂ Fenton process. In the membrane-assisted Fenton process DMAc removal rate was up to 98% with 120 min which was increased by 23% over the batch reactor. It was found that ·OH quench time was extended by 20 min and the maximum ·OH productivity was notably 88.7% higher at 40 min. The degradation reaction rate constant was enhanced by 2.2 times with membrane dispersion (k = 0.0349 min⁻¹). DMAc initial concentration (C₀) and H₂O₂ flux (J_p) had major influence on mass transfer and kinetics, meanwhile, membrane pore size (r_p) and length (L_m) also affected the reaction rate. The intensified radical yield, fast mass transfer and nanoparticles high activity all contributed to improve pollutant degradation efficiency. Time-resolved DMAc degradation pathway was analyzed as hydroxylation, demethylation and oxidation leading to the final products of CO₂, H₂O and NO₃⁻ (rather than NH₃ from biodegradation). Continuous process was operated in the dual-membrane configuration with in situ reaction and separation. After five cycling tests, DMAc removal was all above 95% for the initial [DMAc]₀ = 14,000 mg/L in wastewater and stability of the catalyst and the membrane maintained well.     

SBBR工艺反硝化过程中N_2O和NO的产生情况

利用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR),以葡萄糖为碳源(COD为500 mg/L),考察了不同碳氮比(COD与TN之比)、不同电子受体(NO_2~-或NO_3~-)、不同投加方式(碳源与氮源同步投加或投加碳源60 min后再投加氮源的异步投加)对N_2O产生情况的影响,以及碳氮比为2时NO的产生情况。实验结果表明:不论同步投加还是异步投加,两种电子受体的N_2O-N生成率均随着碳氮比的增大而下降;不同碳氮比下,投加NO2-时的N_2O-N生成率均高于投加NO3-时,异步投加时的N_2O-N生成率均大于同步投加时。说明低碳氮比、高浓度NO2-和胞内贮存物作碳源是反硝化过程中N_2O产生和大量积累的关键因素。此外,NO2-为电子受体时的NO-N生成率高于NO3-为电子受体时。