Simulated Effects of Acidic Solutions on Element Dynamics in Monsoon Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest at Dinghushan,China - Part 1: Dynamics of K,Na, Ca,Mg and P (7 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope Acid deposition has become a concern in south China in recent years. This phenomenon has increased to a dramatic extent with the large use of cars and coal- fueled power plants. As a consequence, soils are becoming acidified and their element dynamics will change. A decrease in the nutrient availability will lead to slower plant growth and maybe to a change in the forest type with current species being replaced by new ones with less nutrient requirements. Because of these reasons, it is important to understand how the dynamics of elements will change and what mechanism is part of the process. This knowledge is important for modeling the acidification process and either finding ways to counter it or to predict its consequences. The primary purpose of this study was to provide information about how the dynamics of K, Na, Ca, Mg and P are affected by acid deposition in a typical forest in southern China. Materials and Methods: Experimental soils and saplings were collected directly from the monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest in Dinghushan. All saplings were transplanted individually into ceramic pots in August 2000 and placed in an open area near their origin site. Pot soils were treated weekly from October, 2000 to July, 2002 with an acidic solution at pH 3.05, pH 3.52, pH 4.00 or pH 4.40, or with tap water as a control. The concentrations of SO42-, NO3-, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and available P and the pH were measured in soil and leachate samples taken at different times. The sapling leaves were collected and their element concentrations were measured at the end of the experiment. Results: Concentrations of soil exchangeable Ca and Mg decreased quickly over time, although only Ca showed changes with the acidic solution treatment and soil exchangeable K was stable because of soil weathering. Leaching of K, Mg and Ca was dependent upon the treatment acidity. Soil available P decreased slowly without any correlation with the acidity of the treatment. All the NO3- added by the treatment was taken up by the plants, but the SO42- added accumulated in the soil. Discussion: Amongst the plant species, Schima superba was little affected by the treatment, the leaf P content was affected in Acmena acuminatissima plants and Cryptocarya concinna was the most susceptible species to soil acidification, with a marked decrease of the leaf K, Ca and Mg concentrations when the treatment acidity increased. Conclusions: Simulated acid deposition affected the dynamics of K, Ca and Mg in the monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest. The dynamics of Ca in the soil and of K, Mg and Ca in the soil leachates were affected by the acidic solution treatment. If such a soil acidification occurs, Cryptocarya concinna will be amongst the first affected species, but Schima superba will be able to sustain a good growth and mineral nutrition. Recommendations and Perspectives: Acid deposition will lead to imbalance the nutrient elements in the evergreen broad-leaved forest because of accelerated leaching losses of soil exchangeable Ca and Mg. Measures should be developed to slow down soil acidification or nutrient decrease.     

大气中γ辐射空气吸收剂量率的波动机制

基于广西防城港市、福建福清市和宁德市的3个滨海核电厂周边γ辐射空气吸收剂量率长时间高频率的连续观测数据,从不同时间尺度进行系统解析.研究发现,在年际尺度上,2014～2020年间宁德嵛山岛站位γ辐射空气吸收剂量率呈现先上升后下降的趋势,与太阳活动的先减弱后增强存在一定的反相位关联;在季节尺度上,2019年度3个站位的观...     

我国南部夏季季风降水水汽来源的稳定同位素证据

我国南部地区夏季降水多受季风影响。不同的季风将来自不同通道的水汽带入我国境内,控制降水的时空分布。论文利用CHNIP(中国大气降水同位素网络)中位于南部地区的观测站点,在2005年7月间,收集了月大气降水样及同步观测的气象数据。分析表明,降水中稳定氢氧同位素的空间分布可以很好地示踪和反演该地区夏季季风降水的3个主要水汽来源以及传输路径--体现南亚季风的西南水汽通道、体现南海季风的南海水汽通道及体现副热带季风的东南水汽通道。得到的大气降水线方程:δD=5.15δ¹⁸O-15.5反映了我国南部地区的降水过程历经了一定的蒸发。对δ¹⁸O与各环境因子的关系进行探讨时发现,δ¹⁸O与降雨量和高程存在对数关系,而与温度和相对湿度间存在显著的二次函数关系。综合考虑各环境因子对δ¹⁸O的影响,给出多元线性回归方程:δ¹⁸O(‰)=0.007H(m)+1.47T(℃)-0.02P(mm)+0.24RH(%)-66.3。     

Effects of surrounding land use and water depth on seagrass dynamics relative to a catastrophic algal bloom

Seagrasses are the foundation of many coastal ecosystems and are in global decline because of anthropogenic impacts. For the Indian River Lagoon (Florida, U.S.A.), we developed competing multistate statistical models to quantify how environmental factors (surrounding land use, water depth, and time [year]) influenced the variability of seagrass state dynamics from 2003 to 2014 while accounting for time‐specific detection probabilities that quantified our ability to determine seagrass state at particular locations and times. We classified seagrass states (presence or absence) at 764 points with geographic information system maps for years when seagrass maps were available and with aerial photographs when seagrass maps were not available. We used 4 categories (all conservation, mostly conservation, mostly urban, urban) to describe surrounding land use within sections of lagoonal waters, usually demarcated by land features that constricted these waters. The best models predicted that surrounding land use, depth, and year would affect transition and detection probabilities. Sections of the lagoon bordered by urban areas had the least stable seagrass beds and lowest detection probabilities, especially after a catastrophic seagrass die‐off linked to an algal bloom. Sections of the lagoon bordered by conservation lands had the most stable seagrass beds, which supports watershed conservation efforts. Our results show that a multistate approach can empirically estimate state‐transition probabilities as functions of environmental factors while accounting for state‐dependent differences in seagrass detection probabilities as part of the overall statistical inference procedure.     

西南地区夏季极端降水的水汽来源分析

西南地区地形复杂,极端降水极易形成山洪并引发地质灾害,1998年夏季西南降水达709.3 mm,超出平均降水约23.9%。经使用水汽追踪模型WAM2layers和ERA-Interim再分析资料等大数据追踪西南降水水汽来源,发现西南夏季降水主要有四个源区,分别是西南季风区、西风带区、本地和东南季风区,1998年夏季分别贡献了330.1 mm、110.0 mm、104.8 mm和65.6 mm水汽,约占所追踪降水的52.2%、17.4%、16.6%和10.4%。西南季风区作为最大源区,贡献了超过一半的降水水汽。增加的降水其水汽主要来自西南季风区、西风带区和本地,比平均分别多贡献80.1 mm、29.3 mm和27.1 mm,合占所增加降水的99.9%;其中又以西南季风区贡献占主导。进一步发现,1998年夏季太平洋副高向西南延伸,并在北孟加拉湾和我国南海形成两个高压中心异常,导致西南季风向我国西南地区的水汽输送异常强劲,从而造成西南地区降水异常增多。     

念青唐古拉山西段小冰期以来冰川变化

小冰期是指15世纪到20世纪早期之间一系列相对寒冷的气候波动阶段,研究小冰期以来的冰川规模变化,对于了解百年尺度上冰川变化及其气候指示意义具有重要意义。利用Google Earth和Arc GIS10.3研究了念青唐古拉山西段的现代冰川和小冰期冰川,统计了冰川的基本信息和小冰期以来的变化情况,分析了面积、高程、坡度和坡向因素对冰川变化的影响,探讨了平衡线高度变化的气候指示意义。结果表明:念青唐古拉山西段共发育现代冰川847条,总面积约689.71 km~2,共识别出小冰期冰川306条,总面积约746.12 km~2。小冰期以来冰川面积减少约31%,平衡线高度平均上升约58 m,冰川的面积、坡度和高程对冰川面积变化的解释率为71%,平衡线高度变化与印度季风关系密切。     

Informal coal mining in Eastern India: Evidence from the Raniganj Coalbelt

Unauthorized mines are not uncommon in mineral-rich regions of poorer countries, and India is no exception. Whether they constitute merely a law and order problem including safety issues, or there are important social and economic questions involved has yet to be thrashed out. The mining industry, at regional, national and international levels, is ambivalent towards such mining, tending to draw attention away from their informal nature to the size factor.
This article looks into the problem of such informal mining in the light of empirical surveys in eastern Indian collieries. These are called peoples' mines and they serve a significant purpose in local economies. The article's thesis is that peasant communities are trying to claim back a portion of the local resources lost to them through appropriation by mining companies thus re-asserting their traditional rights to local mineral resources. In conclusion, the need for a new moral economy for mining regions is stressed: an economy in which local communities will play a powerful role.     

Cluster analysis of inorganic elements in particulate matter in the air environment of an equatorial urban coastal location

Concentrations of nine inorganic elements (Na, Zn, Ca, Fe, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cd and Al) in particulate matter (PM₁₀) in the air of an equatorial urban coastal location during 2009 were studied during summer and winter monsoon seasons using high-volume sampling techniques. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to analyse the samples. The concentrations of most inorganic elements were higher during summer than winter, except for Cu and Zn. The main inorganic elements in PM₁₀ are Na, Zn and Ca. High concentrations of Na and Ca are due to marine aerosols. Analysis of enrichment factors showed that inorganic elements are from non-crustal sources. Cluster analysis identified five clusters in the summer and six in the winter: (1) PM₁₀–Ni, (2) Zn–Na, (3) Fe–Cu–Ca–Cd, (4) Mn and (5) Al for summer; and (1) PM₁₀, (2) Zn, (3) Fe–Ni, (4) Cu–Ca–Na–Cd, (5) Mn and (6) Al for winter. Combining both correlation and cluster analysis, it was found that Fe–Cu–Cd was from industry/vehicle emissions, Zn was from resuspended soil, Mn was from metallurgical processes, Ni was from a nearby power plant and Al was from crustal sources. Inorganic element concentrations could be a good indicator of local sources of PM₁₀.     

模拟东亚夏季风对中国东部地区大气中α-六六六(α-HCH)时空分布的影响

以中国为研究区域,利用CanMETOP模型模拟了2005年大气中α-六六六(α-HCH)浓度的变化,并分析了东亚夏季风对我国东部地区大气中α-HCH浓度时空分布的影响.模拟结果表明,6月15日-8月15日期间,东北、华北和东南地区的α-HCH平均大气浓度分别为260 pg·m~(-3),74 pg·m~(-3)和41 pg·m~(-3).大气浓度具有明显的时空分布特征,从6月15日在我国东南地区开始出现了较高的大气浓度堆集,6月24日达到最大值(259 pg·m~(-3)).在向我国北部传输过程中,7月1日在东北形成的气旋区域出现最大值(1947pg·m~(-3)).此后,东南地区的大气浓度均处于较低的水平(<50 pg·m~(-3)),而东北地区的大气浓度一直处于100-350 pg·m~(-3)之间的较高水平.分析结果表明,东亚夏季风可以将东南地区大气中的α-HCH传输至东北地区,并在东北区域堆集.     

Influence of eco-innovation on Indian manufacturing sector sustainable performance

Manufacturing firms are striving to improve their sustainable performance in order to satisfy multiple stakeholders. Eco-innovation is a promising approach that decreases environmental impact and helps firms to increase their business value. There are several antecedents which help the firms to innovate and improve their triple bottom line performance. Among the antecedents, management and innovative practices are directly related to eco-innovation. It is not well known what practices and innovations help the firms to eco-innovate as well as to improve sustainable performance. Hence, the research objective of this paper is to identify the suitable combination of management and innovative practices that help firms to eco-innovate as well as to achieve overall sustainable performance. The paper develops an eco-innovation conceptual model which relates the management and innovative practices (antecedents) and overall sustainable performance (consequences) of eco-innovation using institutional theory. Using Indian manufacturing sector’s empirical data and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) approach, this paper determines the effect of eco-innovation’s antecedents and consequences. In the Indian context, this study suggests that the role of management practice is more significant towards eco-innovation than innovative practices. The results reflect practitioners’ view on how to increase innovation rate and to focus more on social aspects. The finding suggests that training on environmental related practices could tackle innovation and social aspects in the Indian manufacturing sector context.