中国西南地区近千年湖泊水位变化

重建湖泊水位历史、掌握其演变规律和机制,对水资源管理、生态环境保护、旱涝灾害防治以及认识区域水文气候变化机制皆有重要意义.中国西南地区拥有大量湖泊,其水位变化及驱动机制广受关注.本文通过汇总历史文献记录并将其与邻近地区的其他湖泊水位重建进行比较,总结了过去一千年中国西南地区湖泊水位的变化.结果显示中国西南地区近千年的湖...     

Economic incentives drive the conversion of agriculture to aquaculture in the Indian Sundarbans: Livelihood and environmental implications of different aquaculture types

Expansion of aquaculture in the Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve (SBR) is irreversibly replacing agricultural land and the drivers of this change are disputed. Based on in-depth interviews with 67 aquaculture farmers, this paper characterizes major aquaculture types in the SBR, their impacts, and identifies drivers of conversion from agricultural land. Aquaculture types included traditional, improved-traditional, modified-extensive, and semi-intensive systems. Extensive capture of wild shrimp larvae is environmentally harmful but constitutes an important livelihood. Semi-intensive aquaculture of exotic shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) has much higher unit-area profitability than other types but involves greater financial risk. Profitability is the main driver for the transition from agriculture, but environmental factors such as lowered crop yields and cyclone impacts also contributed. Many conversions from agriculture to aquaculture are illegal according to the stakeholders. Existing legislation, if enforced, could halt the loss of agriculture, while the promotion of improved-traditional aquaculture could reduce the demand for wild seed.     

Differences in U root-to-shoot translocation between plant species explained by U distribution in roots

Accumulation and distribution of uranium in roots and shoots of four plants species differing in their cation exchange capacity of roots (CECR) was investigated. After exposure in hydroponics for seven days to 100 μmol U L⁻¹, distribution of uranium in roots was investigated through chemical extraction of roots. Higher U concentrations were measured in roots of dicots which showed a higher CECR than monocot species. Chemical extractions indicated that uranium is mostly located in the apoplasm of roots of monocots but that it is predominantly located in the symplasm of roots of dicots. Translocation of U to shoot was not significantly affected by the CECR or distribution of U between symplasm and apoplasm. Distribution of uranium in roots was investigated through chemical extraction of roots for all species. Additionally, longitudinal and radial distribution of U in roots of maize and Indian mustard, respectively showing the lowest and the highest translocation, was studied following X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of specific root sections. Chemical analysis and XRF analysis of roots of maize and Indian mustard clearly indicated a higher longitudinal and radial transport of uranium in roots of Indian mustard than in roots of maize, where uranium mostly accumulated in root tips. These results showed that even if CECR could partly explain U accumulation in roots, other mechanisms like radial and longitudinal transport are implied in the translocation of U to the shoot.     

Distribution of cadmium in oilseed rape and Indian mustard grown on cadmium contaminated soil

Heavy metal distribution in the specialized accumulating plants was important for phytoextraction technique. Hydroponic and pot experiment were conducted to investigated Cd phytoextraction ability and Cd distribution in the plant of oilseed rape species. The results showed that oilseed rape Chuanyou Ⅱ-10 was more effective in phytoexetraction Cd among 21 varieties of oilseed rape and indicator plant Indian mustard. Cd concentration in the shoot of Chuanyou Ⅱ-10 and Indian mustard gradually decreased with an increase in growth period, while the amount of Cd uptake increased with the increase of growth period. There was constantly decrease in Cd concentration from the base leaves to the top leaves of Chuanyou Ⅱ-10 and Indian mustard, the percentages of Cd uptake in older leaves were higher than those of younger leaves. Older leaves of Chuanyou Ⅱ-10 and Indian mustard extracted more Cd for the Cd contamination soil, leaves should as far as possible develop before they reached the soil and the older leaves were harvested in priority.     

典型季风型温冰川消融期融水化学日变化特征

分析了玉龙雪山白水1号冰川区2009年8月29日～9月3日4 750 m处冰雪融水的pH、电导率、无机离子和δ18O的化学特征,结果表明,消融期日尺度上pH值受气温变化影响较大.碱性尘埃中的可溶盐溶解导致融水电导率增大.一天中消融速率快时δ18O值较低,消融速率慢时δ18O值较高.受岩石岩性和海洋水汽影响,研究区Na＋、K＋的平均浓度高于Μg2＋的平均浓度.融水中阳离子主要来源于石灰岩风化,属典型的碳酸盐溶滤水.融水中无机离子的总含量随气温的变化而变化,具有明显的周期性,但是不同可溶性离子对气温变化所导致的消融速率响应幅度不一致.局地岩石岩性、季风输送和人类活动是白水1号冰川融水中无机离子的主要来源.     

黄河北干流径流变化规律及其与气候的关系研究

为了明确黄河北干流的径流变化规律以及和季风的关系,研究将黄河北干流划分为3个河段(上游:河口-吴堡、中游:吴堡-龙门,下游:龙门-潼关),并将时间尺度分为小尺度(<10 a)、中尺度(10～20 a)和大(≥20 a)尺度,应用该区域1919～2006年4个水文站的年天然径流数据、亚洲季风指数和踞风指数,采用线性回归和...     

中国代际降水区域变化差异分析

利用中国气象中心160站点的夏季降水实际观察资料,对中国半个世纪的降水变化按年代进行了系统分析,并对各地的代际降水量变化趋势进行了区域对比。结果发现,降水变化幅度大的区域主要集中在季风区,而非季风区的年代际降水相对稳定。在多数情况下,以四川为中心的区域的降水量变化与东北的北部一致,东南沿海与渤海湾沿岸区域一致。季风区降水量变化的区域差异,可能既受季风的年代际强弱变化的影响,又受微地形的影响。     

Biomass‐based targets and the management of multispecies coral reef fisheries

The failure of fisheries management among multispecies coral reef fisheries is well documented and has dire implications for the 100 million people engaged in these small‐scale operations. Weak or missing management institutions, a lack of research capacity, and the complex nature of these ecosystems have heralded a call for ecosystem‐based management approaches. However, ecosystem‐based management of coral reef fisheries has proved challenging due to the multispecies nature of catches and the diversity of fish functional roles. We used data on fish communities collected from 233 individual sites in 9 western Indian Ocean countries to evaluate changes in the site's functional composition and associated life‐history characteristics along a large range of fish biomass. As biomass increased along this range, fish were larger and grew and matured more slowly while the abundance of scraping and predatory species increased. The greatest changes in functional composition occurred below relatively low standing stock biomass (<600 kg/ha); abundances of piscivores, apex predators, and scraping herbivores were low at very light levels of fishing. This suggests potential trade‐offs in ecosystem function and estimated yields for different management systems. Current fishing gear and area restrictions are not achieving conservation targets (proposed here as standing stock biomass of 1150 kg/ha) and result in losses of life history and ecological functions. Fish in reefs where destructive gears were restricted typically had very similar biomass and functions to young and low compliance closures. This indicates the potentially important role of fisheries restrictions in providing some gains in biomass and associated ecological functions when fully protected area enforcement potential is limited and likely to fail. Our results indicate that biomass alone can provide broad ecosystem‐based fisheries management targets that can be easily applied even where research capacity and information is limited. Of particular value, is our finding that current management tools may be used to reach key ecosystem‐based management targets, enabling ecosystem‐based management in many socioeconomic contexts.     

重庆地区石笋δ13C记录的全新世气候环境变化

本文利用重庆市青木关镇狮子洞石笋QM09铀系测年数据和氧碳稳定同位素数据,重建了研究区9.4~0 ka BP的古气候环境演化历史。依据狮子洞石笋δ~(13)C记录变化趋势,将其划分为2个阶段:(1)9.4~3.0 ka BP期间,狮子洞石笋δ~(13)C记录除了在4.2 ka BP附近发生一次短暂的偏重事件外,整体变化比较平缓,石笋δ~(13)C值比较偏轻;同时石笋δ~(18)O值在该期也较为偏轻,暗示了此时段季风强盛,气候温暖湿润,地表植被变化稳定。此时人类活动比较弱,对自然环境的影响小,植被变化主要受自然气候环境的影响;(2)3.0~0 ka BP期间,石笋δ~(13)C记录不再呈现如第一阶段般平稳变动的趋势,在3.0 ka BP时开始波动下降,在经历1.7 ka BP大幅下降后,δ~(13)C便频繁波动大幅升降。石笋δ~(18)O记录显示该时段季风减弱,气候变干,植被退化,土壤水中溶解的CO_2含量减少。加之该期人类活动剧烈,地表自然植被遭到破坏,当地无机环境更多的参与到地下水循环体系中来,使得石笋δ~(13)C逐渐加重。     

Variation in spatial pattern of criteria air pollutants before and during initial rain of monsoon

Spatial patterns of various criteria air pollutants,like SO₂, NO₂, O₃, and TSP were studied atShahdara National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring stationin Delhi (India) in July 1999. The minimum pollutantconcentrations were observed during morning hours,whereas the highest concentrations were found during thelate night hours, which seem to be related with thevehicular emission. Pre-monsoon daily ambient airquality spatial pattern was compared with the spatialpattern during initial and subsequent rain shower ofmonsoon. These spatial patterns were found to beessentially the same before and during rain, however asignificant decrease in SO₂, NO₂ and TSPconcentrations (40-45%) was observed after initial andsubsequent rains of the monsoon, demonstrating theimportance of rainfall in the scavenging of thesecriteria air pollutants.