Assessment on Seasonal Variation of Groundwater Quality of Phreatic Aquifers – a River Basin System

Spatial distribution of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), fluoride and total iron content of ground water samples collected from the muvattupuzha river basin, Kerala, India, has been studied for pre monsoon and post monsoon periods of year 2001. Results showed the groundwater of the basin is acidic for which the pH values ranged between 5.5 and 8.0. Average EC was found to be less than 100 μS/cm, for most of the study region. The pre monsoon minimum and maximum TDS were found as 25.6 and 227.84 mg/L respectively, where as post monsoon values ranged between 16 and 162.56 mg/L. The relatively low EC and TDS values found both during the seasons in the lateritic terrain of the river basin signifies the lower residence time of ground water with the country rock. This makes the groundwater quality of this river basin as good. Pre monsoon season samples showed high total iron content than that during the post monsoon period. During the study period values of the fluoride contents were found to be within the permissible limits.     

石笋灰度和同位素对末次冰期气候事件的响应

对石笋多指标的研究有利于全面理解季风气候事件的变化特征和机制。以湖北永兴洞YX55石笋为研究对象,通过高精度U/Th定年和多指标分析重建了65～35 ka B.P.石笋灰度和稳定同位素的变化序列。在65～40 ka B.P.时段,石笋灰度、δ13C与δ18O都呈现出数个千年至亚千年尺度的变化,但δ13C变化幅度比δ18O小得多。这说明灰度和δ13C这类代表局域气候的指标,都响应于δ18O指示的Heinrich(H)事件和Dansgaard-Oeschger(DO)旋回,但响应的程度各不相同。H4期间,石笋δ13C和灰度呈现不一致变化:δ13C不像在其他H事件一样小幅振荡,而是大幅正偏(相当于其他H事件2～3倍);灰度则显示出和DO旋回一致的特征。这种δ13C/灰度与δ18O异常响应关系可能的机制是:H4期间季风强度急剧减弱,使得洞穴上覆土壤覆盖率大幅降低,从而削弱或阻止了土壤—岩溶系统的过滤能力,使石笋中杂质含量异常增加。     

亚洲季风强弱年蒙自市大气环境容量差异估算

利用区域空气质量模式WRF-Chem,对亚洲季风气候变化背景下云南省蒙自市大气环境容量进行模拟评估.根据标准化南亚夏季风指数分别选取2005年和2015年为强、弱季风年.对2015年四季（以1月、4月、7月和10月为代表月）和2005年夏季（7月为代表月）的主要大气污染物浓度进行模拟.结果表明蒙自市2015年全年CO、NO₂、SO₂、PM_2.5、PM₁₀的大气环境容量分别为120.31、1.127、1.875、1.267、1.688（×10⁴t/a）,其中各污染物冬季大气环境容量最小,春季的最大（PM₁₀除外）,且PM_2.5在冬季排放量已饱和.强季风年相对弱季风年夏季CO、NO₂、SO₂、PM_2.5、PM₁₀的大气环境容量分别提升4.81%、3.86%、12.6%、18.4%、8.7%,其中PM_2.5的容量提升最高.亚洲季风年际变化对云南高原空气质量及大气环境容量具有重要的调制作用.     

鼎湖山粗死木质残体生物量特征

对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林1 hm2永久性样地内粗死木质残体(Coarse woody debris,简称CWD)的生物量、存在形式及分解状态进行研究.结果表明:1)鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林CWD的生物量为42.09 t hm-2,其中倒木和枯立木分别为32.81 t hm-2、9.28 t hm-2,所占比例分别为77.9%、22.1%.1999~2010年间CWD年均输入量为1.68 t hm-2a-1.2)CWD主要优势树种为锥栗(Castanopsis chinensis)、黄杞(Engelhardtia roxburghiana)和荷木(Schima superba),所占比例分别为54.0%、15.1%和13.9%.3)CWD径级主要分布在30 cm以下,但对CWD生物量贡献最大的径级在30 cm以上.4)CWD的分解状态主要为中度分解状态,占CWD总生物量的61.2%.研究还表明,鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林的CWD生物量呈逐年增加趋势.图2表3参17     

Variation of antioxidant biomarkers in the edible oyster Saccostrea cucullata collected from three different water bodies of Sundarbans

Variations of antioxidant biomarkers such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were studied in edible part of mangrove oyster Saccostrea cucullata, collected from three different water bodies, such as Namkhana (S-I), Frazergaunge (S-II) and Sajnekhali (S-III) of Indian Sundarbans which are exposed to different degrees of anthropogenic activity. The study was conducted for consecutive two years (2010 and 2011) in the respective water bodies. Characteristics of biomarkers in oyster from the two polluted water bodies, i.e. S-I and S-II, are similar in nature in comparison to less polluted site (S-III). The catalase, superoxide dismutase activity and lipid peroxidation in oyster flesh exhibit significant (p<0.01) spatial and temporal variation among the three stations. Oysters from S-I were significantly higher (p<0.05) in antioxidant enzyme activities than oysters from S-III, which differ in their amount of pollution sources. Maximum antioxidant enzymes activity of all collected samples were recorded in pre-monsoon time and decreased in monsoon season. But maximum lipid peroxidation was noted during monsoon followed by post-monsoon and pre-monsoon.     

季风形成与长江流域的季风文化

由于深受季风环流的影响,长江文化与黄河文化均可称之为“季风文化”。这种文化源远流长,延绵不绝。东亚季风的形成是中国环境演变的关键事件,它是随着沧海桑田的变化特别是青藏高原的隆起而形成和强化的。在长江流域,随着东亚季风的建立,原有行星风系的环流形势被季风环流所取代,从而避免了全年受单一副热带高压的持续控制。因此,当地球相同纬度位置上的尼罗河流域、两河流域和印度河流域备受“副高”沙漠的袭击、使其古老文明遭到枯萎或夭折时,长江流域却因夏季风的吹拂,获得了降水的主要水汽来源,从而显得生机勃勃,其古老文明虽历经沧桑,仍不断发扬光大,且高峰迭起,一直巍然屹立于世界东方。     

Water-Quality Monitoring and Biological Integrity Assessment in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida: Status, Trends, and Loadings (1988–1994)

a production in the central, south central, and the south segments of the lagoon. In a system as large and complex as the lagoon, N and P limitations are potentially subject to significant spatial and temporal variability. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TN) was higher in the north (1.25 mg/liter) and lower in the south (0.89 mg/liter). The reverse pattern was observed for total P (TP), i.e., lowest in the north (0.03 mg/liter) and highest at the south (0.14 mg/liter) ends of the IRL. This increased P concentration in the SIRL appears to have a significantly large effect on chlorophyll a production compared with the other segments, as indicated by stepwise regression statistics. This relationship can be expressed as follows: South IRL [chlorophyll a] =−8.52 + 162.41 [orthophosphate] + 7.86 [total nitrogen] + 0.38 [turbidity]; R ²= 0.98**.     

Estimates of upwelling rates in the Arabian Sea and the equatorial Indian Ocean based on bomb radiocarbon

Radiocarbon measurements were made in the water column of the Arabian Sea and the equatorial Indian Ocean during 1994, 1995 and 1997 to assess the temporal variations in bomb 14C distribution and its inventory in the region with respect to GEOSECS measurements made during 1977-1978. Four GEOSECS stations were reoccupied (three in the Arabian Sea and one in the equatorial Indian Ocean) during this study, with all of them showing increased penetration of bomb 14C along with decrease in its surface water activity. The upwelling rates derived by model simulation of bomb 14C depth profile using the calculated exchange rates ranged from 3 to 9 m a(-1). The western region of the Arabian Sea experiencing high wind-induced upwelling has higher estimated upwelling rates. However, lower upwelling rates obtained for the stations occupied during this study could be due to reduced 14C gradient compared to that during GEOSECS.     

我国西南地区喀斯特森林树木年轮对气候变化的响应

利用贵州省2个典型喀斯特地区与1个非喀斯特地区的6个优势树种(化香树Platycarya strobilacea为重复树种)的树轮宽度资料,建立了6个树轮宽度年表,研究了不同地区不同树种的树木年轮对近50年来气候变化的响应异同,探讨了影响6个优势树种生长的气候限制因素。结果表明,季风期前的水热条件是喀斯特地区针叶树和阔叶树径向生长的最主要的气候限制因素。季风期前降水减少、月均温升高,导致土壤水分蒸发加快,加强了水分胁迫,不利于喀斯特地区针叶树和阔叶树的生长。帕尔默干旱指数虽表明喀斯特地区未达到干旱胁迫程度,但实际上水分渗漏加剧了喀斯特地区针叶树和阔叶树生长的水分胁迫。非喀斯特地区采样点的高海拔导致的低温,减少了春冬季节土壤水分蒸发。并且非喀斯特地区土壤和地形有利于水分涵养,同时,较高海拔的地形改变了季风期前的降水格局,消除了季风到来前树木生长的降水限制,因此,降水并不是喀斯特地区树木生长的限制因子;但其针叶树的径向生长受到上一年12月的温度控制,产生正响应信号,阔叶树径向生长仅受到生长季温度、降水增加带来的较小促进。     

铁肥形态及施用方式对印度芥菜镉积累的影响

利用实际镉污染土壤(含镉0.08~1.89 mg/kg)进行盆栽试验,研究FeSO4、Fe(2SO4)3、EDTA.Na2Fe 3种铁肥和底施、追施2种施肥方式对印度芥菜(Brassica juncea)镉积累的影响。结果表明:施用Fe(2SO4)3的印度芥菜生物量与对照非常接近,而施用FeSO4和EDTA.Na2Fe的印度芥菜生物量均明显高于对照;底施EDTA.Na2Fe时,印度芥菜地上部Cd含量最低,比对照低76%~85%;追施Fe(2SO4)3时,印度芥菜地上部Cd含量、吸Cd量、对土壤中Cd的净化率均最高,分别比对照提高48%~236%、52%~63%、110%~260%。研究认为底施EDTA.Na2Fe等络合态亚铁肥,可用于改善食用印度芥菜的品质;追施Fe(2SO4)3时,可用于强化印度芥菜对镉污染土壤的修复。为铁基复合肥生产及其在镉污染土壤修复和无公害农产品生产中的应用提供了依据。