居民山地灾害意识水平比较研究

通过对我国西部三个山地灾害易发省区的山地灾害社会心理学调查,分析了影响山地灾害意识的几种因素,并对居民山地灾害意识的差异进行了探讨研究.结果表明:不同性别、文化程度、职业、年龄、居住地的居民山地灾害意识具有显著性差异.     

Traditional knowledge and biodiversity conservation: a case study from Byans Valley in Kailash Sacred Landscape,India

Ethnobotanical knowledge plays a significant role in plant diversity conservation and the curing of various ailments in remote rural areas of the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). A total of 53 plant species from 27 families have been documented from the Byans valley and are used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases. Valley inhabitants have maintained a symbiotic relationship between natural resources and their cultural belief system by developing sacred forests/groves which conserve the region's plant diversity pool. Information on sacred natural sites and traditional beliefs was documented in order to understand the environmental and conservationist implications of these rules and practices. The study provides comprehensive information about eroding traditional knowledge and biodiversity conservation practices. This study could be a pilot to strengthen the conservation practices and sustainable utilization of frequently used bioresources by understanding the traditional knowledge system and conservation ethics of tribal communities in the Himalayan region.     

Realization of participation and spatiality in participatory forest management – a policy–practice analysis from Zanzibar,Tanzania

The efforts in sustainable natural resource management have given rise to decentralization of forest governance in the developing world with hopes for better solutions and effective implementation. In this paper, we examine how spatially sensitive participation is realized from policy to practice in the process of establishing participatory forest management in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Our policy–practice analysis shows that the policies in Zanzibar strongly support decentralization and local level participation has in practice been realized. However, the policy does not emphasize participatory process design nor address the possibilities of using spatial information and technologies to ensure wider participation. Thus, the practices fall short in innovativeness of using site-sensitive information with available technologies. Reflecting the Zanzibari Community Forest Management Agreements (CoFMA) context with examples of participatory use of spatial information and technologies in other parts of the world, we discuss ways to improve the Zanzibari CoFMA process towards increased participation, communication, local sense of ownership and more sustainable land management decisions, and argue for the future implementation of CoFMA as a spatially sensitive participatory process.     

Factors predicting proclivity and intensity to volunteer for the environment in the US and South Korea

This research compares environmental volunteering among students in South Korea and the US (n = 3612). Given differing environmental histories of these countries, we explore whether and to what extent volunteer proclivity and intensity varies, and potential factors that explain existing variation. Findings suggest that American students are more likely to volunteer for, and devote time to, environmental causes, while South Korean students differ on socio-economic correlates of such behaviour. In a global society, understanding determinants of environmental volunteer participation is critical to the management of environmental NGOs that are involved in broad-based and participatory planning, educating stakeholders and legitimising environmental advocacy.     

地铁施工工人不安全行为知识可视化研究

为改善地铁施工行为的安全培训效果,利用现场照片,研究工人不安全行为知识可视化机制。通过整理安全标准等显性安全知识,对施工工人的不安全行为进行分类,并利用工作危害性分析(JHA)和语句相似度计算相结合的方法,显化现场照片中包含的施工工人隐性不安全行为知识。设计施工工人不安全行为可视化系统,采集和存储显化的行为风险照片。将此系统应用于以起重吊装类不安全行为"起重吊装过程中,施工工人进入危险区域"的显化研究。算例结果表明:通过相似度计算对比,包含JHA确定的影响因素的照片描述,能有效匹配所反映的施工工人不安全行为。     

A new approach of integrating industry prior knowledge for HAZOP interaction

Accidents often occur in the petrochemical industry, which have a negative impact on society and the environment. Learning Process Safety Knowledge (PSK) from accident cases is essential to prevent accidents and improve safety level. Hazard and Operability Analysis (HAZOP) is a popular hazard risk analysis method. Its report contains large-scale PSK, which can provide safety analysis and decision support for the industry. Subject to the characteristics of PSK, existing researches mine them in the form of sequence labeling. However, there are two intractable problems that cause the PSK mined by the model to be inaccurate. (1) PSK in HAZOP is domain specific, which is rare or even absent in general-domain texts. (2) The entity boundaries are ambiguous. Most domain-specific entities for HAZOP lack boundary characters. Inaccurate security knowledge is not acceptable from the perspective of process safety engineering. To solve the problems, we present a PSK mining architecture with External Lexicon Prior knowledge called EDPMA, EDPMA is prior knowledge-based multi-task HAZOP knowledge mining model. Specifically, EDPMA consists of prior knowledge constructor and sequence labeling model. The prior knowledge constructor expresses prior knowledge in the form of word embedding by three steps. For the sequence annotation model, we improve its embedding and decoding layers. The former incorporated the word vectors generated by the prior knowledge constructor, and the latter added the task of entity boundary prediction. We conduct multiple evaluation experiments on HAZOP datasets. The experimental results show that the accuracy, recall and F1-score of the EDPMA model are 92.92%, 91.85% and 92.38% respectively, which is better than the existing research. Our study represents a meaningful attempt to introduce prior knowledge in HAZOP knowledge mining and makes an important contribution to intelligence the field of process safety.     

The relationship between demographic/educational parameters and perceptions,knowledge and earthquake mitigation in Israel

Perceptions, knowledge and mitigation are factors that might play a role in preventing injury and loss of life during a major earthquake.² Little is known about the relationships between different demographic and educational parameters and these factors. A national representative sample of 495 adults was investigated in order to determine the relationship between demographic and educational parameters in terms of the perceived threat, perceived coping, knowledge and mitigation of earthquakes in Israel. Compared to females, males perceived the threat of earthquakes to be lower (t=3.183, p=0.002), manifested higher levels of perceived coping (t=2.55, p=0.011), and had higher levels of earthquake related knowledge (t=2.047, p=0.041). We conclude that there are gender differences in perceptions and knowledge regarding earthquakes.     

Kibale Forest Wild Coffee: Challenges to Market‐Based Conservation in Africa

Abstract: Declining rural security and pressures to reduce public‐sector expenditures in the late 1990s spurred efforts to develop alternative funding models for Uganda's Kibale National Park (KNP). The Wild Coffee Project, established in 1999 with support from the U.S. Agency for International Development, the World Bank, and the Ford Foundation, sought to develop a market for wild coffee that had been harvested traditionally from areas within today's KNP. The Kibale Forest Foundation, a U.S.‐based nonprofit organization, was created to legalize harvests, obtain third‐party wild and organic certification, and coordinate management between KNP, the coffee industry, and local communities. Although the project was successful in legalizing, harvesting, and processing the world's first certified wild and organic coffee, efforts to gain entry into the international marketplace failed. Chief among the lessons learned from this project is that for many wild‐grown products, the value of “the story”—in both human and conservation terms—is likely to far exceed actual product values. This value differential should be captured through high‐value niche markets to avoid low commodity pricing and subsequent pressures to improve financial returns through over harvesting. In addition, local producers should hold significant assets in whatever brands are developed, creating a shared‐equity approach that serves social responsibility goals, fosters project sustainability, and ensures a steady stream of positive stories for use in marketing to build brand value. Shared equity—in this case ownership interest in the intellectual property embodied in the brand—provides a second incentive beyond transactional profits that can only be realized if resource conservation is maintained.     

煤炉使用知识与一氧化碳浓度的相关性研究

为了解居民煤炉使用知识掌握情况,提高居民煤炉使用安全水平,预防及减少居民意外伤害的发生,对北京市平房区100户居民进行入户调查,对比不同性别、年龄、受教育程度的居民煤炉使用知识的掌握情况,并运用线性回归模型分析居民安全知识水平与居室内一氧化碳浓度之间的相关性。结果表明,居民的煤炉使用知识水平普遍不高,年龄和受教育程度对知识掌握情况影响显著,居民在降低室内一氧化碳浓度方面的知识水平对居室内一氧化碳浓度具有显著影响。必须进一步加强煤炉安全知识的宣传,确定重点对象及重点内容,提高北京市居民的煤炉使用知识水平。     

Community participation in international projects: an analytical perspective from the Russian Far East

International projects frequently struggle with the dilemmas of community participation, whether the community in question is the object of a development or aid intervention, or is to be persuaded to cooperate on a conservation project. This paper discusses the challenges facing interventionists and the obstacles and opportunities that local people encounter as they come into contact with exogenous conservation and development projects. The key issues presented can be summarized as legacy, legitimacy, agency and communication. We argue that project planners need to understand the history of past interventions in order to respond appropriately to local expectations. At the same time, the complexity of community leadership and representation complicates the sometimes conflicting agendas of project developers and communities. Much depends on personal relations, individual agency, and initiative. Finally, the physical means of communication—language, print and broadcast media, transport and telecommunications—are important aspects to consider when assessing the limitations to community participation. Although there have been valuable successes in international projects in Russia, as in other regions of the world, a better understanding of community participation is needed to ensure more effective and sustainable means for engaging communities in project development and implementation. This paper explores these questions through a locally-grounded analysis based on the academic research and practitioner experience of the two authors in the remote home of a World Heritage site—the Kamchatka Peninsula, in the Russian Far East.