南京市江北工业区降水酸性及化学成分分析

于2005年9月─2006年8月在南京市江北地区南京信息工程大学校园内采集降水样品共59个,测定pH和电导率,用离子色谱仪检测样品的阴、阳离子浓度.结果表明:pH为4.17～8.34,酸雨频率为49.2%,电导率为1.1～42.5 mS/m;阴离子为F-,Cl-,NO₂-和NO₃-,SO₄2-,阳离子为Na+,K+,Mg2+,Ca2+和NH₄+;主要阴、阳离子分别为SO₄2-,NO₃-, NH₄+和Ca2+,并存在季节性变化.ρ(SO₄2-)/ρ(NO₃-)的年均值为4.21,表明酸雨仍为硫酸型.南京市工业区的大气污染物主要是燃煤过程中排放的SO₂等气体.      

环境空气中SO2自动和手工法监测数据相关性探讨

文章从单个站点甲醛法和脉冲紫外荧光法的SO2实测日均值出发,重点分析了数据之间的相关性,同时也兼顾了其他多个站点实测数据的分析。结果显示,与已有严格控制实验过程的比对结果不同,各站点SO2两种方法实测数据之间的差异均显著,且相关性差。在此基础上,从采样过程、监测和分析方法以及数据采集和监控手段等方面对此进行了详细分析,并且给出了建议。     

Effect of natural organic matter and green microalga on carboxyl-polyethylene glycol coated CdSe/ZnS quantum dots stability and transformations under freshwater conditions

The influence of pH, ionic strength, presence of humic or alginic acids, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), or freshwater microalga Chlorella kesslerii on the stability and transformation of carboxyl-PEG-CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) in terms of number, hydrodynamic size and fluorescence of individual particles, was studied by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Obtained results demonstrated that QDs form stable dispersions at nanomolar concentrations under conditions typical for freshwaters. The presence of 5 or 15 mg C L⁻¹ of humic acid or 50 mg C L⁻¹ EPS did not significantly affect these parameters. In contrast, 5 or 50 mg C L⁻¹ alginate at ionic strength of 10 mM shifted the hydrodynamic radius toward larger values, suggesting a possible capture of QDs by the linear alginate chains. The addition of microalga to the QD dispersions resulted in a slight reduction of the number of QDs and a significant decline in the fluorescence of individual QDs.     

Dissecting the spatial scales of mercury accumulation in Ontario lake sediment

Total mercury concentration was analyzed in 171 lakes from pre-industrial (>30 cm depth; Hg_{pre-industrial}) and present-day sediments (0.5–1 cm; Hg_present-day). Numerous hot or cold spots of sediment mercury enrichment (Hg EF; Hg_{pre-industrial}/Hg_present-day) were evident as determined by local tests of autocorrelation, although in most cases, the maximum correlation among sites was not the nearest neighbor, indicating a strong influence of watershed characteristics. Hg EF was correlated with the area of open water (ha) (r = 0.91, p = 0.035), mine tailings (r = 0.94, p = 0.019), and organic deposits in surficial geology of the watershed (r = −0.91, p = 0.034). Through use of local rather than global regression coefficients, R² increased from 0.20 (p = 0.005) to 0.60 (p = 0.013). A broad spatial pattern (>500 km) observed only in Hg_{pre-industrial} was best explained by mean annual precipitation (shared variance = 3.5%), while finer spatial patterns only observed in Hg_present-day and Hg EF were best explained by pH (average shared variance = 10.8%).     

活性污泥系统中微型动物与水质净化效果的相关分析

活性污泥系统中微型动物的种类、数量和变化情况与活性污泥状况和出水水质密切相关.在某大型炼油厂污水处理车间曝气池活性污泥系统中,通过微生物镜检监测出30多种微型动物.实验研究发现,固着型纤毛虫的种类最多,出现频率也较高.对微型动物密度与曝气池出水水质和污泥指标的相关性分析表明,小口钟虫可作为曝气池混合液DO浓度的指示生物,小口钟虫密度越大,DO浓度越高;小口钟虫、八钟虫和转轮虫可作为曝气池出水COD的指示生物,其数量增加是水质净化程度提高的标志.     

Occurrence of perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate in the Korean water system: implication to water intake exposure

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) measured in surface running waters indicated the existence of different emission sources in eight main city basins. The tap water reflected the contamination pattern and levels in their corresponding source water basins. The daily intakes through tap water consumption ranged from <0.01 to 0.73 ng kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and <0.01 to 0.08 ng kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ for perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). Tap water intake-derived exposure accounted for 8.6%-101% (for PFOA) and while <10% (for PFOS) of total daily exposure, which was estimated from Korean serum concentrations using a pharmacokinetic model. Our findings indicate that tap water intake could be an important contributor to PFOA exposure in Korean populations; accordingly, additional efforts are necessary to improve the removal efficiency of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in the water purification process. However, more fundamentally the aim would be to reduce the discharge of PFCs from potential sources within the basin.     

鄱阳湖径流量时间序列的混沌特征分析

流域径流受诸多因素影响,变化复杂,仅凭观测站统计数据难以发现其演变规律。以混沌理论为基础,以鄱阳湖入湖外洲站、李家渡站和渡峰坑站的月径流时间序列为研究对象详细说明了求取时间序列中混沌特征数的方法。首先利用C C方法选取相空间重构参数即时间延迟〖WTBX〗τ和嵌入维数m〖WTBZ〗,在此基础上进行相空间重构,采用G P关联积分法计算关联维数和Rosenstein小数据量法计算最大Lypanuov指数。结果表明鄱阳湖入湖外洲站、李家渡站和渡峰坑站的月径流序列的饱和关联维数非整数,同时最大Lyapunov指数也为正数,这充分说明鄱阳湖入湖外洲站、李家渡站和渡峰坑站的月径流序列均具有明显的混沌特征。而且通过最大Lyapunov指数和关联维数的计算表明鄱阳湖入湖的外洲站月径流复杂程度最大,混沌特性最强,对初值的敏感性最强,李家渡站次之,渡峰坑站最小     

基于Copula相依函数的安徽省气温与降雨量相关性研究

当前全球气候变暖大背景下,气温和降雨量的交互作用引致农业气象灾害频发,给农业生产造成破坏性风险损失,因此探讨气温与降雨量之间的动态相依关系尤为重要。搜集安徽省24个气象观测站1980~2014年的气温与降雨量日数据,对原始数据进行矩平均处理,使两组数据列满足独立同分布的要求。采用非参数核估计的方法确定气温与降雨量的边缘分布。根据降雨量和气温的均匀分布散点图和频数分布直方图可知,安徽省气温和降雨量之间呈现一定程度的负相依关系,即图形中表现出气温与降雨量的上下尾之间的对称性。综上分析,选择可以刻画两个变量具有上下尾对称关系的Copula函数对气温与降雨量的相依关系进行拟合,最终在平方欧式距离最小的原则下选定二元t-Copula函数做出气温与降雨量之间的联合概率密度函数图。研究结果发现:1据安徽省气温与降雨量联合概率分布可知,当降雨量上升时,气温下降;或气温上升时,降雨量会下降,气温与降雨量之间呈现为中等负相关关系(–0.280)。2极值相关性方面,从t-Copula密度函数图和上下尾相关系数看,安徽省气温与降雨量在极值方面具有较为明显的相依关系,表现为当气温和降雨量超过正常范畴时,二者相依关系从负相关转变为正相关,此现象多出现在极端气候条件下,例如极端高温和大暴雨时气温与降雨量的正相依性。     

辽宁省人口文化素质与社会经济关联度分析

在对国内外人口文化和社会经济发展关系文献研究的基础上,运用灰色关联分析法,以辽宁省为例,测度了2005--2010年人口文化素质和社会经济发展之间的关系,并按照较低、居中、较高三个层次的关联度格局进行分析。结果表明,辽宁省各市的人口文化素质与社会经济发展之间的关联度的总体趋势是逐年增加的,对社会经济的发展具有重要影响。辽宁省关联度高的地区,社会经济发展较快,反之社会经济发展较慢。因此,大力发展辽宁省的教育不仅可以提高人口文化素质,还将会促进辽宁省经济的飞速发展。     

扎龙湿地土壤中抗性菌株对Pb和Cd去除率与其生理生化特性的相关性及通径分析

利用相关性和通径分析研究了从扎龙湿地土壤中筛选的抗性菌株对Pb、Cd的去除率与其生理生化特性之间的关系。相关性分析表明:细胞长宽比与Pb去除率呈显著负相关性;淀粉酶水解、过氧化氢酶和甲基红与Pb去除率均呈极显著或显著的正相关性;V-P与Cd去除率呈显著负相关性。通径分析表明:细胞长宽比、淀粉酶水解、甲基红对Pb去除率有明显的直接作用,但总的间接作用不明显;酪蛋白和过氧化氢酶对Pb去除率有明显的负向直接作用,但总的正向间接作用很大;淀粉酶水解对Cd去除率有明显的正向直接作用;V-P对Cd去除率有明显的负向直接作用,间接作用不明显。