嗜盐光合细菌的分离鉴定及其营养成分分析

从大连海岸的海泥中分离到 4株海洋光合细菌 :菌株C4 10、菌株DS2、菌株E3 和E4,它们都能在厌氧光照下营光异养生长 ,菌株C4 10还能够利用还原性硫化物营光自养生长 .依菌对NaCl的需求 ,菌株C4 10、DS2归属于嗜盐光合细菌 ,菌株E3 和E4属于耐盐光合细菌 .根据形态和培养特征、生理生化特征、光合作用内膜结构、泛醌组成、(G +C)的摩尔百分比等指标 ,菌株C4 10鉴定为Rhodovulumsulfidophilus (嗜硫小红卵菌 )、菌株DS2鉴定为Rhodobiummarinum (海红菌 )、菌株E3 和E4鉴定为Rhodobacterazotoformans.4株菌的营养成分分析表明 ,它们的细胞的最大生长量为 4× 10 9mL-1.粗蛋白含量占细胞干重的 5 5 %左右 ,菌株DS2高达 6 4 .2 % .4菌株所含氨基酸种类齐全 ,特别具备人和动物所必需的氨基酸 .4株菌均含有辅酶Q10和类胡萝卜素 .其中菌株C4 10的类葫萝卜素含量最高 .图 1表 6参 14     

Maternal quality and differences in milk production and composition for male and female Iberian red deer calves (Cervus elaphus hispanicus)

Several theories predict a sex-biased investment either through unbalanced sex ratios in offspring or through differences in provisioning. According to them, one would expect an optimisation in indirect fitness, or else a compensation for increased mortality of one sex. In addition, biases in provisioning may also arise as a consequence of weight-dependent non-adaptive nutrient demands by offspring. This study examines milk provisioning and sex biases in offspring sex ratio together with maternal quality variables. Mothers of higher quality (weight and age) showed greater milk provisioning ability (in terms of production) resulting in greater calf weight gain. Mothers of sons produced greater yields of milk, milk protein, fat and lactose than mothers of daughters, and increased percentage of protein after controlling for higher male birth weight. In contrast, mothers of males did not differ from mothers of females in age or any body weight variables related to maternal quality. These results suggest that differences in milk production and composition for sons and daughters are rather a mechanism to optimise indirect fitness than a mechanism to compensate for increased mortality in male calves, or a consequence of greater weight-dependent nutrient demands by heavier male calves. Results also suggest that biases in milk provisioning may occur without biases in offspring sex ratio, and furthermore, in contrast to the prediction that biases should be relative to the mean investment of the population, that milk provisioning biases might not be relative.Communicated by F. Trillmich     

Compositional Limitations in Poly–3–Hydroxyalkanoates Produced by Pseudomonas oleovorans

It is well known that Pseudomonas oleovorans can utilize sodium octanoate for both cell growth and the synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), but it can utilize sodium butyrate only for limited cell growth and not for the polyester formation when this substrate is the sole carbon source. Therefore, these two substrates were evaluated as cofeeds for the possible incorporation of 3-hydroxybutyryl groups in the resulting PHA. When sodium butyrate and sodium octanoate were fed to P. oleovorans as cosubstrates in various proportions, the resultant cell density and polymer content were proportional to the amount of sodium octanoate in the feed. The PHA extracted from cells grown in all combinations of these cosubstrates had similar unit compositions of approximately 8 mole % 3-hydroxyhexanoate, 91 mole % 3-hydroxyoctanoate and 1 mole % 3-hydroxydecanoate. 3-Hydroxybutyrate units were not detected in any of the PHAs isolated, indicating that these units could not be incorporated in the copolymer synthesized by P. oleovorans either because the cell did not synthesize that monomer or, if it did, the PHA synthase could not copolymerize it with the longer chain monomers.     

Virus retention and transport through Al-oxide coated sand columns: effects of ionic strength and composition

Knowledge of the factors that influence the fate and transport of viruses in porous media is very important for accurately determining groundwater vulnerability and for developing protective regulations. In this study, six saturated sand column experiments were performed to examine the effects of a positively charged Al-oxide, which was coated on sand particles, on the retention and transport of viruses (phiX174 and MS-2) in background solutions of different ionic strength and composition. We found that the Al-oxide coating on sand significantly removed viruses during their transport in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. Mass balance calculations showed that 34% of the input MS-2 was inactivated/irreversibly sorbed on the surface of Al-oxide coated sand whereas 100% of phiX174 was recovered. Results from this study also indicated that higher ionic strength facilitated the transport of both phiX174 and MS-2 through the Al-oxide coated sand. This was attributed to the effect of ion shielding, which at higher ionic strength decreased the electrostatic attraction between the viral particles and the sand surface and consequently decreased virus sorption. Strong effect of the ionic strength indicates that an outer-sphere complexation mechanism was responsible for the virus sorption on the Al-oxide coated sand. Ion composition of the background solutions was also found to be a significant factor in influencing virus retention and transport. Virus transport was enhanced in the presence of phosphate (HPO(4)(2-)) as compared to bicarbonate (HCO(3)(-)), and the effect of HPO(4)(2-) was more significant on MS-2 than on phiX174. The presence of bivalent cations (Ca(2+) and Mg(2+)) increased virus transport because the cations partially screened the negative charges on the viruses therefore decreased the electrostatic attraction between the positively charged sand surface and the negatively charged viruses. Mass recovery data indicated that bivalent cations gave rise to a certain degree of inactivation/irreversibly sorption of phiX174 on the surface of Al-oxide coated sand. On the contrary, the bivalent cations appeared to have protected MS-2 from inactivation/irreversibly sorption. This study provides some insights into the mechanisms responsible for virus retention and transport in porous media.     

Chemical composition of rainwater in the northeastern Romania, Iasi region (2003–2006)

Chemical composition of rainwater was studied in the northeastern Romania, Iasi region, and the concentrations of major inorganic and organic ions were measured in samples collected between April 2003 and December 2006. The pH of the rainwater is 5.92 (volume weighted mean average, VWM) suggesting a sufficient load of alkaline components neutralizing its acidity. On average, 97% of the acidity in the collected samples is neutralized by CaCO₃ and NH₃. Clear seasonal variations were observed for some of the identified ions (e.g., SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺). The data obtained during this work revealed that both concentrations and fluxes of anthropogenic source-related ions (e.g., SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺) are among the highest reported for European sites. It is shown that meteorology and long-range transport processes may concur to their high levels.     

聊城冬季一重污染过程PM2.5污染特征及成因分析

北方秋冬季为重污染过程频发季节,为了解聊城市冬季重污染过程中PM_(2.5)及化学组分污染特征,于2016年1月7~11日在聊城市区开展PM_(2.5)样品采集并分析了其中水溶性离子、碳成分及无机金属元素这3种化学组分,并对污染特征及成因进行了分析.结果表明,此次污染过程PM_(2.5)浓度呈现明显的倒V字型,平均浓度为238.3μg·m~(-3),超过国家环境空气质量标准(GB 3095-2012)二级浓度限值2.2倍;NH_4~+、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)为PM_(2.5)的主要水溶性离子成分;随污染加重或减轻,NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Cl-和Mg~(2+)浓度呈现增加或降低趋势,而Ca~(2+)变化趋势与之相反.污染鼎盛时,NH_4~+、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)浓度分别为48.96、68.45和80.55μg·m~(-3),达到起始阶段的6.29、7.31和7.84倍;过程期间OC和EC的浓度为20.8~60.2μg·m~(-3)和3.0~7.5μg·m~(-3),OC浓度高于EC且变化幅度明显偏大;过程期间各日无机金属元素浓度和分别为10.2、22.4、16.0、19.6和8.2μg·m~(-3),富集因子(EF)结果显示,各元素EF均小于10,未被富集,表明污染过程中其主要来源于地壳等自然源;PM_(2.5)质量浓度重构结果表明,有机物(OM)、SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-为PM_(2.5)的主要组分,其次为NH_4~+、地壳物质和其他离子,EC和微量元素含量相对较低.随着PM_(2.5)污染加重,二次无机盐(SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-及NH_4~+)浓度及所占比例均随之增加,OM浓度随之增加但比例有所下降,而地壳物质浓度及比例均下降,表明二次无机转化是此次污染过程的主要原因,主要受燃煤和机动车排放影响.     

A comparison of chemical MSW compositional data between China and Denmark

Chemical waste compositions are important for municipal solid waste management, as they determine the pollution potentials from different waste strategies. A representative dataset for chemical characteristics of individual waste fractions is frequently required to assess chemical waste composition, but it is usually reported in developed countries and not in developing countries. In this study, a dataset for Chinese waste was established through careful data screening and assessment, named as CN dataset. Meanwhile, a dataset for Danish waste (DK dataset) was also summarized based on previous studies. In order to quantitatively evaluate the reliabilities of CN and DK datasets, the chemical waste compositions in four Chinese cities were estimated by utilizing both of them, respectively. It is indicated that the usage of CN datasets led to significantly lower discrepancies from the actual values based on laboratory analysis in most cases. Within the datasets, the moisture contents of food waste, paper, textiles, and plastics, the carbon content of food waste, as well as the oxygen content of plastics would induce significant divergences, which should be paid special attention when gathering the information. In addition, the fractional waste compositions in China showed similar features with other developing countries but differ significantly with developed countries. Thus the above-mentioned conclusions could also be true in other developing countries.     

成都市典型溶剂源使用行业VOCs排放成分特征

对成都市5类典型溶剂使用行业挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行采样监测,测定了其主要组成成分,得出了各行业的VOCs本地化排放系数.结果表明:芳香烃和含氧VOCs是主要成分,不同行业的特征VOCs组分各有不同;大气化学反应活性较大的物种大部分为芳香烃,其中对/间二甲苯的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)值约为141.88 mg·m~(-3),甲苯的OFP值约为90.90 mg·m~(-3),二者占总OFP的53%;家具制造行业的VOCs排放系数为0.61 kg·件~(-1),汽车喷涂行业VOCs排放系数为3.1 kg·辆~(-1),制鞋行业VOCs排放系数为4.04 g·双~(-1),印刷行业VOCs排放系数为34.7g·kg~(-1)油墨,人造板生产行业VOCs排放系数为3.67 g·m~(-3)人造板.