Comparing the impacts of hiking, skiing and horse riding on trail and vegetation in different types of forest

Nature-based tourism in protected areas has increased and diversified dramatically during the last decades. Different recreational activities have a range of impacts on natural environments. This paper reports results from a comparison of the impacts of hiking, cross-country skiing and horse riding on trail characteristics and vegetation in northern Finland. Widths and depths of existing trails, and vegetation on trails and in the neighbouring forests were monitored in two research sites during 2001 and 2002. Trail characteristics and vegetation were clearly related to the recreational activity, research site and forest type. Horse trails were as deep as hiking trails, even though the annual number of users was 150-fold higher on the hiking trails. Simultaneously, cross-country skiing had the least effect on trails due to the protective snow cover during winter. Hiking trail plots had little or no vegetation cover, horse riding trail plots had lower vegetation cover than forest plots, while skiing had no impact on total vegetation cover. On the other hand, on horse riding trails there were more forbs and grasses, many of which did not grow naturally in the forest. These species that were limited to riding trails may change the structure of adjacent plant communities in the long run. Therefore, the type of activities undertaken and the sensitivity of habitats to these activities should be a major consideration in the planning and management of nature-based tourism. Establishment of artificial structures, such as stairs, duckboards and trail cover, or complete closure of the site, may be the only way to protect the most sensitive or deteriorated sites.     

Extension of the EUROS Integrated Air Quality Model to Fine Particulate Matter by Coupling to CACM/MADRID 2

The European Operational Smog (EUROS) integrated air quality modelling system has been extended to model fine particulate matter (PM). From an extended literature study, the Caltech Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism and the Model of Aerosol Dynamics, Reaction, Ionisation and Dissolution were selected and recently coupled to EUROS. Currently, modelling of mass and chemical composition of aerosols in two size fractions (PM_2.5 and PM_10–2.5) is possible. The chemical composition is expressed in terms of seven components: ammonium, nitrate, sulphate, elementary carbon, primary inorganic compounds, primary organic compounds and secondary organic compounds. Calculated PM₁₀ concentrations and chemical composition are presented for two summer months of the year 2003 (1 July to 31 August).     

离子色谱法测定丙烯酸丁酯生产废水中丙烯酸和对甲基苯磺酸

建立了用离子色谱法测定丙烯酸丁酯生产废水中丙烯酸和对甲基苯磺酸的新方法。采用IonPac AS11-HC阴离子色谱柱,淋洗液为30mmol/L的NaOH淋洗液,流速1ml/min,抑制电流75mA。丙烯酸根的检测下限为0.44mg/L(峰面积)、0.46mg/L(峰高),保留时间、峰高、峰面积的变异系数分别为0.03%、0.50%、0.50%,峰高、峰面积的线性回归系数R分别为0.9929、0.9954。对甲基苯磺酸根的检测下限为0.49mg/L(峰面积)、0.48mg/L(峰高),保留时间、峰高、峰面积的变异系数分别为0.02%、0.48%、0.47%,峰高、峰面积的线性回归系数R分别为0.9990、0.9998。常规无机阴离子对丙烯酸、对甲基苯磺酸的测定没有干扰。对实际废水样品进行分析,丙烯酸、对甲基苯磺酸的回收率分别为101.6%～104.4%、95.4%～96.8%。方法简便、灵敏、可靠。     

Acid Rain in Downtown São Paulo City, Brazil

During the period from July 2002 to June 2004, the chemical characteristics of the rainwater samples collected in downtown São Paulo were investigated. The analysis of 224 wet-only precipitation samples included pH and electrical conductivity, as well as major ions (Na⁺, $ \rm NH^{ + }_{4} During the period from July 2002 to June 2004, the chemical characteristics of the rainwater samples collected in downtown S?o Paulo were investigated. The analysis of 224 wet-only precipitation samples included pH and electrical conductivity, as well as major ions (Na⁺, , K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻, , ) and carboxylic acids (acetic, formic and oxalic) using ion chromatography. The volume weighted mean, VWM, of the anions , and Cl⁻ was, respectively, 20.3, 12.1 and 10.7 μmol l⁻¹. Rainwater in S?o Paulo was acidic, with 55% of the samples exhibiting a pH below 5.6. The VWM of the free H⁺ was 6.27 μmol l⁻¹), corresponding to a pH of 5.20. Ammonia (NH₃), determined as (VWM = 32.8 μmol l⁻¹), was the main acidity neutralizing agent. Considering that the H⁺ ion is the only counter ion produced from the non-sea-salt fraction of the dissociated anions, the contribution of each anion to the free acidity potential has the following profile: (31.1%), (26.0%), CH₃COO⁻ (22.0%), Cl⁻ (13.7%), HCOO⁻ (5.4%) and (1.8%). The precipitation chemistry showed seasonal differences, with higher concentrations of ammonium and calcium during autumn and winter (dry period). The marine contribution was not significant, while the direct vehicular emission showed to be relevant in the ionic composition of precipitation.     

兰州地区大气污染的化学组成及来源解析

为探究大气污染的特征,于2020年5月—2021年4月在中国西北部的兰州市区采集了总悬浮颗粒物样品227个,利用离子色谱仪、热/光碳分析仪对主要水溶性离子、元素碳(EC)和有机碳(OC)的质量浓度进行了测定.结果显示,兰州地区大气总悬浮颗粒物质量浓度均值为(376.7±974.8)μg·m^-3,高于国家环境空气质量二级标准(NAAQS),呈昼低夜高的变化特征主要是由于兰州地区夜间大气多处于静稳状态导致的污染物累积效应.水溶性阴、阳离子按质量浓度排序为NO₃^->SO₄^2->Cl^-、Ca²⁺>NH₄⁺>Na⁺>K⁺>Mg²⁺,其中二次离子(NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺     

淮南市降水化学组成特征与来源分析

2013—2014年,逐次采集淮南城市大气降水样品,对其离子化学组分进行分析测试,并利用酸度分析、中和因子和富集系数等方法对其酸碱物质平衡和离子来源进行了分析。化学组分分析结果表明,淮南城市降水pH为6.23~7.03,雨量加权平均值为6.68,整体上降水没有呈现酸化,大部分酸性物质能被碱性物质中和。主要阴离子为SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-,雨量加权平均值分别为147.02、62.16μeq/L,两者分别占阴离子总浓度的60.3%、25.3%;主要阳离子为Ca~(2+)、NH_4~+,雨量加权平均值分别为126.42、96.43μeq/L,分别占阳离子总浓度的44.9%、34.3%。利用富集系数法计算结果表明,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-主要来源于人为活动排放,Cl~-主要为海洋输入,而Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~+则主要来自陆源输入和人为活动。     

艾比湖水体中氯离子测定方法分析

用氯离子选择电极法测定艾比湖水体中氯离子的含量,对测定条件进行了探讨。结果表明,标准曲线在1.0×10-1~1.0×10-4mol/L内呈良好的线性关系,回收率为96.4%~103%,RSD为3.41%~4.34%,该方法简便、快速、准确,在实际工作中应用效果较为满意。     

抑制型电导-离子色谱法测定水中无机阴离子

采用抑制型电导-离子色谱法测定生活饮用水、污水和地表水中F-、Cl-、NO2-、Br-、NO3-、PO43-、SO42-等7种无机阴离子,对清洁水样过滤后直接测定,浑浊样品离心后取上清液过滤测定。F-在0.100 mg/L~1.20 mg/L范围内、其余6种阴离子在1.00 mg/L~12.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.031 mg/L~0.47 mg/L,水样平行测定的RSD为0.9%~1.8%,加标回收率为82.6%~110%。     

滇池浮游藻类群落构成调查

对滇池浮游藻类群落组成和空间分布开展了2次调查,鉴定出藻类8门66属159种及变种,绿藻种类最多,蓝藻次之。5、12月滇池全湖平均藻类密度分别为1.398×108、2.180×108个/升,蓝藻门微囊藻属为优势藻类。5月的调查中滇池外海藻类生物量呈北高南低的格局,而12月则呈现南部和中部高,北部低。外海的藻类生物量明显高于草海,草海藻类群落构成与外海明显不同,主要表现为绿藻门藻类所占比例较高。12月滇池外海及全湖藻类生物量都显著高于5月。与上一次(2006—2007年)滇池浮游藻类的系统调查相比,滇池(主要是外海)浮游藻类在物种数量、常见藻类、优势藻类及生物量水平方面与之接近。     

大气细颗粒物在线源解析方法研究进展

基于对国内外关于PM2.5化学组分特征、二次气溶胶生成机理、源解析模型的研究综述,引入实现PM2.5在线源解析的2种可能方法,即气溶胶质谱+解析算法与3类化学组分组合观测+受体模型。重点阐述了气溶胶质谱及在线水溶性离子、EC/OC和金属元素仪器的应用研究现状,并分析了不同仪器测定结果的可靠性、优势及缺陷,在此基础上提出加强城市尺度的大气化学二次反应机理及关键技术参数研究、大气颗粒物化学组分连续观测应用于在线源解析的研究、基于多种信息来源和技术手段的在线源解析方法集成研究等建议。