Diverse bacterial populations of PM2.5 in urban and suburb Shanghai,China

• Urban aerosols harbour diverse bacterial communities in Shanghai. • The functional groups were associated with nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur cycling. • Temperature, SO₂, and wind speed were key drivers for the bacterial community. Airborne bacteria play key roles in terrestrial and marine ecosystems and human health, yet our understanding of bacterial communities and their response to the environmental variables lags significantly behind that of other components of PM_2.5. Here, atmospheric fine particles obtained from urban and suburb Shanghai were analyzed by using the qPCR and Illumina Miseq sequencing. The bacteria with an average concentration of 2.12 × 10³ cells/m³, were dominated by Sphingomonas, Curvibacter, Acinetobacter, Bradyrhizobium, Methylobacterium, Halomonas, Aliihoeflea, and Phyllobacterium, which were related to the nitrogen, carbon, sulfur cycling and human health risk. Our results provide a global survey of bacterial community across urban, suburb, and high-altitude sites. In Shanghai (China), urban PM_2.5 harbour more diverse and dynamic bacterial populations than that in the suburb. The structural equation model explained about 27%, 41%, and 20%–78% of the variance found in bacteria diversity, concentration, and discrepant genera among urban and suburb sites. This work furthered the knowledge of diverse bacteria in a coastal Megacity in the Yangtze river delta and emphasized the potential impact of environmental variables on bacterial community structure.     

First report of microcystin production in Microcystis smithii Komárek and Anagnostidis (Cyanobacteria) from a water bloom in Eastern China

A water bloom sample collected from Lake Dishui in Shanghai was characterized. The morphological identification showed that Micorcystis wesenbergii and Micorcystis smithii were the main component of the bloom. Five strains of M. smithii were successfully isolated. Their 16S rRNA gene sequences based phylogenetic tree showed that the five strains of M. smithii intermixed with strains of other morphospecies in Microcystis. A fragment of mcy gene encoding for microcystin synthetase was detected in one of the five M. smithii strains (CHAB 2183), indicating its potential of microcystin production. High performance liquid chromatography analysis confirmed M. smithii CHAB 2183 to produce microcystin-RR as 1550 g per gram dry weight cells. The present investigation, for the first time, reported the isolated strains of M. smithii and microcystin production from M. smithii.     

不同16SrDNA靶序列对DGGE分析活性污泥群落的影响

为探讨不同通用引物扩增16S rDNA靶序列对活性污泥微生物群落分析的影响,更合理的利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术分析活性污泥样品.从连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR)中获取活性污泥,以3对通用引物341f/534r、968f/1 401r和341f/926r扩增16S rDNA序列,用DGGE分离PCR扩增产物.研究表明采用不同引物对进行DGGE分析时,群落多样性和动态存在显著的差异.341f/534r和968f/1 401r的靶序列分离效果较好,341f/926r的靶序列分离效果较差.引物341f/534r和341f/926r DGGE图谱显示S2和S3相似性高,引物968f/1 401r DGGE图谱显示S1和S2相似性高.由此可见采用不同引物对进行DGGE分析时,群落结构之间的相似性和动态是不一致的.341f/534r的DGGE图谱中条带丰富,多样性最好,968f/1 401r的DGGE图谱次之,341f/926r DGGE图谱条带最少,多样性也较差.因此,在利用DGGE分析活性污泥样品时采用引物341f/534r和968f/1 401r是比较适宜的.     

好氧反硝化菌株的鉴定及其反硝化特性研究

从活性污泥中分离得到1株好氧反硝化细菌C3,并对其反硝化能力进行了研究.结果表明,C3菌株在好氧条件下能有效去除培养液中的硝酸盐氮,其脱氮率可达90％以上.通过对该菌株的形态观察,生理生化实验以及16S rDNA序列分析,确定菌株C3为假单胞菌（Pseudomonassp.）,同时分析了其在系统发育中的分类地位.对菌株C3的生态影响因子研究表明,其反硝化最适宜的温度和pH值分别为30℃和7.0.和其他已报道的好氧反硝化菌相比,C3菌株有着更高的氧耐受浓度.C/N对菌株C3的好氧反硝化能力有很大影响,其最适宜的碳氮比是在5.5～6.0,在此区间能进行完全的反硝化.     

海洋油气田沉积物产甲烷活性及微生物生态

海洋产甲烷古菌是与海洋中甲烷的产生、释放及天然气水合物的形成等密切相关的微生物类群.以产甲烷菌可能利用的底物为碳源,评价了海洋油气田沉积物的产甲烷活性.结果表明,海洋油气田沉积物对于H2/CO2、甲醇、一甲胺、三甲胺,在25℃和37℃两种温度条件下都具有较高的产甲烷活性,少数样品只在37℃对乙酸有产甲烷活性,说明在海洋油气田环境下,主要有氢营养型及甲基营养型发酵途径产生天然气甲烷.利用厌氧培养法对产甲烷菌进行了多样性解析,16S rRNA基因测序显示,优势产甲烷菌主要属于Methanosarcinales目的 Methanosarcinaceae科及Methanomicrobiales目的 Methanomicrobiaceae科,其中Methanococcoides、Methanogenium和Methanosarcina为油气田沉积物的主要菌属.     

北运河水体浮游细菌群落的空间分布特征及其与水质的关系

污染源汇入和闸坝拦截等因素能够影响城市河流水生生态环境质量,主要表现在群落结构和功能的改变。分别于春季、夏季和冬季3个季节对北运河干流的10个点进行水样采集,通过16S rDNA末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)分析手段研究了北运河河道水体浮游细菌的群落结构,以揭示流域微生物多样性以及浮游细菌群落与水质因子的响应关系。共得到47种不同的片段,其中218bp片段是优势菌。T-RFs片段计算微生物多样性指数和均匀度指数结果表明,目前北运河水体生态结构已经较为脆弱。冬季与其他季节的群落组成有明显差别,夏季细菌丰度高于冬季。通过CANOCO软件分析浮游细菌群落结构与水质指标的空间特点,发现水体流动性降低、支流汇入和污染源的汇入都会引起微生物群落结构在空间上的改变;环境因子与微生物群落组成的相关性研究表明,总磷、溶解性有机碳(DOC)和温度对北运河微生物群落结构影响较大。     

黄海西北部沉积物中细菌群落16S rDNA多样性解析

为揭示黄海西北部海域不同站位沉积物中细菌群落的多样性,采用16S rDNA文库技术,对黄海西北部辽东半岛和山东半岛近岸5个站位的沉积物中不同季节的细菌群落特征进行解析和评价.结果表明,沉积物中微生物种类丰富,主要分布于5~10个已知的门,另外还存在大量未被认知的序列;各站位沉积物中优势菌均为变形细菌门,占文库序列的46%~60%,其中γ-和δ-变形细菌纲为门中优势类群,但在各个站位中存在明显系统发育学分歧.微生物种群在不同地理区域和季节都存在明显差异,不同功能类群与其特殊生境密切相关.     

耦合短程硝化反硝化的垃圾渗滤液厌氧氨氧化处理系统构建及微生物群落分析

本研究从某垃圾填埋场计划将现有的垃圾渗滤液短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺改造为短程硝化反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化工艺的实际需求入手,以短程硝化反硝化污泥作为接种污泥,在上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)中完成厌氧氨氧化启动.探究反应器运行中的脱氮效能、氮容积负荷和氮去除负荷情况,并利用16S rRNA基因序列分析技术对长期运行条件下系统中微生物群落结构演替进行分析.结果表明,反应器经历了149 d后成功启动厌氧氨氧化,稳定运行后的进水总氮容积负荷达到4 000. 00 mg·(L·d)-1,总氮容积平均去除速率达到3 885. 76 mg·(L·d)-1,系统氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的平均去除率均超过了95%.运行第250 d时,系统的生物多样性减少,门水平上厌氧氨氧化主要菌群Planctomycetes的丰度达到了54. 94%;属水平上Candidatus Kuenenia为主要菌属,其相对丰度达到了49. 66%.结果证明,在短程硝化反硝化基础上耦合厌氧氨氧化实现垃圾渗滤液深度处理的升级改造工艺具有可行性.     

Start-up of the anammox process from the conventional activated sludge in a hybrid bioreactor

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process was successfully started up from conventional activated sludge using a hybrid bioreactor within 2 months. The average removal efficiencies of ammonia and nitrite were both over 80%, and the maximum total nitrogen removal rate of 1.85 kg N/(m³.day) was obtained on day 362 with the initial sludge concentration of 0.7 g mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS)/L. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation of the granular sludge in the hybrid reactor clearly showed a high degree of compactness and cell sphericity, and the cell size was quite uniform. Transmission electron microscope photos showed that cells were round or oval, the cellular diameter was 0.6--1.0 μupm, and the percentage of the anammoxosome compartment was 51%--85% of the whole cell volume. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis (FISH) indicated that anammox bacteria became the dominant population in the community (accounting for more than 51% of total bacteria on day 250). Seven planctomycete 16S rRNA gene sequences were present in the 16S rRNA gene clone library generated from the biomass and affiliated to Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis and Candidatus Brocadia sp., a new anammox species. In addition, the average effluent suspended solid (MLSS) concentrations of outlets I (above the non-woven carrier) and II (below the non-woven carrier) were 0.0009 and 0.0035 g/L, respectively. This showed that the non-woven carrier could catch the biomass effectively, which increased biomass and improved the nitrogen removal rate in the reactor.     

PCR-DGGE技术解析生物制氢反应器微生物多样性

为了揭示发酵法生物制氢反应器厌氧活性污泥的微生物种群多样性 ,从运行不同时期取厌氧活性污泥 ,通过细胞裂解直接提取活性污泥的基因组DNA .以细菌 16SrRNA基因通用引物F338GC/R5 34进行V3高变异区域PCR扩增 ,长约 200bp的PCR产物经变性梯度凝胶电泳 (DGGE)分离后 ,获得微生物群落的特征DNA指纹图谱 .研究表明 ,不同时期的厌氧活性污泥中存在共同种属和各自的特异种属 ,群落结构和优势种群数量具有时序动态性 ,微生物多样性呈现出协同变化的特征 .微生物多样性由强化到减弱 ,群落结构之间的相似性逐渐升高 ,演替速度由快速到缓慢 .优势种群经历了动态演替过程 ,最终形成特定种群构成的顶级群落 .