2015年北京采暖季城市森林内外SO2浓度的时空变化特征

为探讨采暖季城市森林内外ρ(SO₂)动态变化及差异性,基于西山国家森林公园林内空气质量监测站数据,结合北京市环境保护监测中心植物园监测站的实时数据,分析2015年采暖季城市森林内外ρ(SO₂)变化和影响因素.结果表明:林内外ρ(SO₂)日变化基本呈双峰双谷型,在09:00-11:00和20:00-22:00左右达到高峰;采样期间ρ(SO₂)月变化呈不显著"V"型,最高值出现在1月,林内外分别为(25.8±9.2)和(31.7±23.4)μg/m3,最低值出现在11月,林内外分别为(19.0±5.2)和(13.0±11.2)μg/m3.林内ρ(SO₂)在1-3月低于林外,11-12月高于林外,林内ρ(SO₂)变化较林外平缓;气象条件对采暖季城市森林ρ(SO₂)变化有重要影响:降水对ρ(SO₂)消减效应明显,大风有驱散SO₂的作用,同时受风向影响;ρ(SO₂)和温度关系不显著(P=0.05,R < 0.40),但和空气相对湿度线性关系显著(α=0.05,Sig=0.00),林内受气象因素影响低于林外.研究显示,城市森林对气态污染物具有一定的缓冲、抵抗和吸收能力,因此应重视发展城市森林生态系统,充分发挥其生态效益,以提高城市大气环境质量.      

Carbon footprint of food - approaches from national input-output statistics and a LCA of a food portion

The aim of the study, on which this paper is based, was to provide guidance to consumers to make environmentally responsible choices in their food consumption, to assist food supply chain stakeholders to identify the key areas for environmental improvements, and to provide policy makers with a tool for monitoring the potential impacts on climate change resulting from developments within the food sector. At the macro level, the EIO-LCA model was developed specifically for the Finnish food chain; at the micro level, LCAs were performed on 30 lunch portions. The contribution of the Finnish food chain to climate change was 14%, which comprised 40% CO₂ emissions, 25% CH₄ emissions, and 34% N₂O emissions. The share of impacts from domestic agricultural processes was the highest, at 69%. The impact of a single lunch portion ranged between 0.65 and 3.80 kg of equivalent CO₂. According to the EIO-LCA model, the average impact was 7.7 kg CO₂ eq/person daily. The consumer phase accounted for between 8 and 47% of the climate change impacts for homemade portions. In ready-to-eat portions industry and retail phases were emphasized, representing 25-38% of climate change impacts. We present an approach to steer the Finnish food sector onto an environmentally sustainable path; practical tools for consumers and farmers will especially need to be developed further.     

兰州新区建设循环经济型园区的对策探究

《循环经济发展战略及近期行动计划》指出了要推动各类产业园区实施循环化改造,促进园区绿色低碳循环发展的新要求。兰州新区是国务院批复的全国第五个、西北第一个国家级新区,对兰州新区循环化建设提出相应对策。     

电子政务工程项目档案管理的思考与实践

项目档案管理对于电子政务工程项目的成功实施具有十分重要的意义。通过对电子政务工程项目档案特性的分析,探讨了当前项目档案管理中存在的问题,提出了加强档案管理的措施和建议。并以国家环境信息与统计能力建设项目为例,对项目档案管理流程、手段和要求做了详细论述,为电子政务工程项目档案管理提供了有益的经验借鉴。     

基于第二次全国土地调查的云南省坝区县、半山半坝县和山区县的划分

云南是我国西部的典型山区省份,地形坡度<8°的坝区面积仅占土地总面积的6%左右。应用云南省第二次全国土地调查中对各县（市、区）≥1 km²坝子的调查和核定成果,选取坝区耕地面积比例、坝区土地面积比例、≥100 km²坝子数等3 个单项指标,并构建了综合指标--坝区土地综合指数,采用主导指标与综合分析相结合的方法,对全省129 个县（市、区） 进行坝区县、半山半坝县和山区县的划分。结果表明,全省有21 个县属于坝区县,37 个县属于半山半坝县,71 个县属于山区县。这一研究修订了以往云南省仅以坝区耕地面积比例为指标而划分出的坝区县、半山半坝县和山区县方案,为云南省及各地合理地进行产业布局（尤其是农业生产布局）、保护坝区优质耕地资源提供科学依据和基础支撑。     

New metallothionein assay in Scrobicularia plana: heating effect and correlation with other biomarkers

Metallothionein (MT) and other biomarker levels were measured in Scrobicularia plana clams to assess pollution of the Guadalquivir Estuary possibly affected by metals released from Aznalcóllar pyrite mine in 1998. After optimizing reagent concentrations for monobromobimane derivatization, MT levels were quantified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection (RP-HPLC-FD) in heated or unheated digestive gland extracts and compared to those obtained by differential pulse polarography (DPP). MT content assayed by RP-HPLC-FD in unheated samples was higher than that obtained by DPP and correlated better with metals and anti-oxidant activities. MT assay by RP-HPLC-FD in unheated extracts would be preferable for assessing metal pollution, due to its greater sensitivity and specificity. In addition to MT induction, glyoxalase II inhibition was well correlated with metal contents. Our results suggest that metals at the estuary do not originate from Aznalcóllar spill, but from those carried along by the river and deposited at its concave bank.     

A Procedure for NEPA Assessment of Selenium Hazards Associated With Mining

This paper gives step-by-step instructions for assessing aquatic selenium hazards associated with mining. The procedure was developed to provide the U.S. Forest Service with a proactive capability for determining the risk of selenium pollution when it reviews mine permit applications in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The procedural framework is constructed in a decision-tree format in order to guide users through the various steps, provide a logical sequence for completing individual tasks, and identify key decision points. There are five major components designed to gather information on operational parameters of the proposed mine as well as key aspects of the physical, chemical, and biological environment surrounding it — geological assessment, mine operation assessment, hydrological assessment, biological assessment, and hazard assessment. Validation tests conducted at three mines where selenium pollution has occurred confirmed that the procedure will accurately predict ecological risks. In each case, it correctly identified and quantified selenium hazard, and indicated the steps needed to reduce this hazard to an acceptable level. By utilizing the procedure, NEPA workers can be confident in their ability to understand the risk of aquatic selenium pollution and take appropriate action. Although the procedure was developed for the Forest Service it should also be useful to other federal land management agencies that conduct NEPA assessments, as well as regulatory agencies responsible for issuing coal mining permits under the authority of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) and associated Section 401 water quality certification under the Clean Water Act. Mining companies will also benefit from the application of this procedure because priority selenium sources can be identified in relation to specific mine operating parameters. The procedure will reveal the point(s) at which there is a need to modify operating conditions to meet environmental quality goals. By recognizing concerns early in the NEPA process, it may be possible for a mining company to match operational parameters with environmental requirements, thereby increasing the likelihood that the permit application will be approved.     

Temporal Trends in the Spatial Distribution of Impervious Cover Relative to Stream Location

Use of impervious cover is transitioning from an indicator of surface water condition to one that also guides and informs watershed planning and management, including Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. §1251 et seq.) reporting. Whether it is for understanding surface water condition or planning and management, impervious cover is most commonly expressed as summary measurement (e.g., percentage watershed in impervious cover). We use the National Land Cover Database to estimate impervious cover in the vicinity of surface waters for three time periods (2001, 2006, 2011). We also compare impervious cover in the vicinity of surface waters to watershed summary estimates of impervious cover for classifying the spatial pattern of impervious cover. Between 2001 and 2011, surface water shorelines (streams and water bodies) in the vicinity of impervious cover increased nearly 10,000 km. Across all time periods, approximately 27% of the watersheds in the continental United States had proximally distributed impervious cover, i.e., the percentage of impervious cover in the vicinity of surface waters was higher than its watershed summary expression. We discuss how impervious cover spatial pattern can be used to inform watershed planning and management, including reporting under the Clean Water Act.     

The current state of knowledge of ecosystems and ecosystem services in Russia: A status report

This paper focusses on a conceptual overview of ways to address a comprehensive analysis of ecosystem services (ES) in a country as large and heterogeneous as Russia. As a first step, a methodology for assessing the services for the federal subjects of Russia was chosen, i.e., its constituent provinces and similar entities, in physical terms. Russia harbors a great diversity of natural conditions and ecosystems which are suppliers of ES, and likewise a variety of the socio-economic conditions that shape the demand for these services and their consumption. The methodological approach described permits several important tasks to be addressed: the evaluation of the degree of satisfaction of people’s needs for ES, the identification of ecological donor and acceptor regions, and zoning of the country’s territory for ES assessment. The next step is to prepare a prototype of a National Report on ES in Russia, for which we are presenting the planned structure.     

Striking the balance: Challenges and perspectives for the protected areas network in northeastern European Russia

Increasing anthropogenic pressure on the largest remaining tracts of old-growth boreal forest in Europe necessitates additional conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity in northeastern European Russia. In a regional network comprising 8 % of the Nenets Autonomous District and 13.5 % of the Komi Republic, 248 areas have varying protected statuses as state nature reserves (zapovedniks), national parks, reserves/sanctuaries (zakazniks), or natural monuments. Due to increased natural resource extraction in this relatively pristine area, designation of additional protected areas is critical for the protection of key ecological sites. The history of ecological preservation in these regions is herein described, and recent recommendations for incorporating additional ecologically representative areas into the regional network are presented. If the protected area network can be expanded, the overall environmental stability in these globally significant ecosystems may remain intact, and can help Russia meet the 2020 Aichi conservation targets, as set forth by the Convention of Biological Diversity.