采油厂化验室危险因素及对策

针对采油厂化验室的特点,对其存在的危险有害因素,从火灾爆炸、中毒、腐蚀、触电、机械伤害、人员、储存场所等方面进行了较为系统的分析,并提出了相应的对策措施。     

Application of response surface methodology for the optimization of biodiesel production from yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed oil

In the present study, response surface methodology (RSM) involving central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the reaction parameters of biodiesel production from yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed oil during the single-step transesterification process. A total of 30 experiments were designed and performed to determine under the effects of variables on the biodiesel yield such as methanol to oil molar ratio (2:1–10:1), catalyst concentration (0.2–1.0 wt.% NaOH), reaction temperature (50–70°C), and reaction time (30–90 min). The second order polynomial model was used to predict the biodiesel yield and coefficient of determination (R²) was found to be at 0.9818. The optimum biodiesel yield was calculated as 96.695% from the model with the following reaction conditions: 7.41:1 of methanol to oil molar ratio, 0.63 wt. % NaOH of catalyst concentration, 61.84°C of reaction temperature, and 62.12 min of reaction time. It is seen that the regression model results were in agreement with the experimental data. The results showed that RSM is a suitable statistical technique for optimizing the reaction parameters in the transesterification process in order to maximize the biodiesel yield.     

尼罗红荧光染色法的优化及应用

以自主筛选的小球藻为材料对尼罗红荧光染色进行条件优化,并用该方法追踪微藻在污水中的油脂含量变化。实验发现,微藻只有经过超声波破碎,染色才会出现荧光,DMSO的添加会增强荧光反应。最终确定其染色条件为:DMSO与藻液体积比为1∶5,超声波破碎5 min后染色5 min,NR质量浓度1.5μg/m L。在其应用方面发现,微藻的油脂积累量只有培养基的一半,说明污水不利于微藻油脂的积累;最佳采收时期为平稳期,此时微藻的产量和油脂含量达到最高。     

三元高吸油树脂的制备及其吸油性能

采用本体聚合法,以丙烯酸丁酯(BA)、苯乙烯(St)和甲基丙烯酸十八酯(SMA)为单体,反应型低聚硅氧烷(OSS)为交联剂,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂制备了三元高吸油树脂,优化了制备条件,考察了其对不同有机溶剂的吸油性能,并对其进行了表征。实验结果表明:树脂制备的优化条件为BA,St,SMA,OSS,AIBN的质量分别占单体总质量的39.60%,39.60%,20.80%,0.21%,1.50%,于55℃下反应24 h;在该优化条件下所制备的树脂对氯仿的吸油率可达80.2 g/g;树脂对氯仿和二氯甲烷的吸油率远高于其他有机溶剂。表征结果显示,树脂形成了一定的网络结构,具有较好的耐热性、耐寒性和热稳定性。     

油气长输管道施工企业清洁生产研究

清洁生产在油气长输管道施工领域涉及较少,观念和方法还未完全推广。油气长输管道施工企业与传统生产型企业有许多不同之处,以某企业清洁生产审核为例,就如何通过清洁生产审核挖掘清洁生产潜力来做探索性、建议性的研究。实践证明,该企业清洁生产机会的突破口为柴油消耗,通过柴油消耗平衡图的建立和重点耗油设备运行状况的调查,找到了降低柴油消耗的清洁生产方案,使企业达到了“节能、降耗、减污、增效”的目的。     

一株稠油降解菌的筛选及其产物乳化性能研究

稠油亦称重质原油,稠油中胶质和沥青质等大分子组分含量较高.通过以稠油为唯一碳源的摇瓶发酵和稠油平板实验,从辽河油田油水样中筛选获得一株稠油降解菌AD.对菌株AD发酵所产表面活性剂的CMC值、乳化活性、稠油降黏作用等进行了测定.结果表明,菌株AD产表面活性剂对原油具有较强的乳化、降黏作用,可耐高温和高浓度盐,适用于油藏微碱性环境,稠油降黏率最高可达81.7％,与曙光油田的地层水有较好的配伍性.     

胜坨油田原油温室气体排放特征及其影响因素

为研究油田开发过程中原油在大气条件下的碳排放特征,完善油气系统潜在温室气体排放清单,以胜利油田典型区块——胜坨油田原油为研究对象,通过改进的静态室-气相色谱及质谱法对原油在大气条件下的自然脱气(排放)过程进行模拟试验研究. 结果表明:CH₄和CO₂是胜坨油田原油溶解气中的两种主要温室气体;将模拟时间(48 h)均分为4个时段,CH₄、CO₂的主要排放阶段为0~12 h,并且其排放量远高于>12~24、>24~36和>36~48 h,其中,不同温度下CH₄、CO₂的最大排放率均出现在0~2 h. 原油在空气中暴露时间的长短及所处大气温度的高低直接影响温室气体的累积排放,CH₄、CO₂的累积排放量均随模拟试验的进行而递增;原油所处环境温度越高,累积排放量越大,3 ℃时CH₄、CO₂的累积排放量分别为12.498、15.071 g/m3,13 ℃时为20.626、21.004 g/m3,27 ℃时为31.353、26.954 g/m3. CH₄、CO₂在不同温度下的相对排放量存在差异,表现为低温(3、13 ℃)条件下CH₄排放量低于CO₂,相对高温(27 ℃)条件下表现相反. 研究显示,原油所处大气环境的温度及暴露时间是影响原油温室气体排放的重要因素.      

Transesterification of Caesalpinia eriostachys seed oil using heterogeneous and homogeneous basic catalysts

Caesalpinea eriostachys seed oil, as a source of triglycerides with potential application for biodiesel production in Mexico is introduced. Its lipid profile obtained by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed saturated and unsaturated glycerol esters as the constituents. Therefore, heterogeneous and homogeneous catalyzed transesterification reactions were assayed employing ZnAl hydrotalcites and KOH, as the catalysts, respectively. The transesterification reactions yielded 59% for Zn/Al(2), 79% for Zn/Al(4), and 90% for KOH, depicting typical behavior, as in biodiesel production data from literature, where Zn-Al hydrotalcites or KOH were assayed. The caloric, density, viscosity values, and fatty acid methyl esters profile from reaction products were concordant to EN 14214, suggesting C. eriostachys as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production.     

Impact of various blends of Mimusops elengi methyl esters on performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine

The basic objective of the research work was to study the effect of various blends of Mimusops elangi methyl ester (MEME) on engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder direct-injection compression ignition engine, running at constant speed. The raw oil was extracted from Mimusops elangi seeds through mechanical crusher. The neat MEME was obtained through transesterification process and mixed with diesel in versatile proportions of 10% of MEME (10% MEME–90% Diesel), 20% of MEME(20% MEME–80% Diesel), 30% of MEME(30% MEME–70% Diesel), 40% of MEME(40% MEME–60% Diesel), and 100% MEME on a volume basis. Their properties were validated based on ASTM standards. Experimental investigation revealed that the 20% blend resulted in 4.18%, 5.12% more prominent performance characteristics of brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and superior emission diminution of 5.26% of HC, 16.6% of CO, 6.2% of smoke when compared with base diesel fuel, despite marginal penalty of 5.26% of carbon dioxide and 4.8% of oxides of nitrogen emission at full load condition. Characteristics of combustion parameters like pressure inside the cylinder and rate of the heat released were superior for 20% blend of MEME at the peak load condition.     

Experimental investigation of performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using Jatropha biodiesel with alumina nanoparticles

Biodiesels have come up as a very strong alternative for diesel fuel. Biodiesels such as Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester (JOME) are comparable in performance with that of the diesel engine. The thermal efficiency of engines fuelled with biodiesels was found lower than conventional diesel fuel but due to the bio-origin, the emission characteristics are much better. However, biodiesel increases the NOx emissions as these are rich in oxygen, hence nanoparticles are used in this experiment to curb the high temperatures and reduce the NOx formation. The experiment on naturally aspired diesel engine was conducted with four prepared test fuels other than neat diesel and neat biodiesel. The 50 and 150 of alumina nanoparticles were added separately to the pure diesel and pure Jatropha biodiesel to form the nano emulsions using ultrasonicator. The properties of nanoemulsion were evaluated using dynamic light scattering technique using zetasizer. The performance and emission characteristics of multi-cylinder diesel engine with these nanoemulsions were compared with that of neat fuels. The results showed that using nanoparticles with diesel and biodiesel can contribute in a more efficient, economical, and eco-friendly engine operation.