An Observation Method for Analyzing Operators’ Routine Activity in Computerized Control Rooms

An activity analysis method was developed for studying the structure and dynamics of control room operators’ activity during normal operation based on directly observable elements of the operators’ behavior. The method assesses current activity along three dimensions in each 5-min period of the shift. Intensity characterizes arousal level, direction shows whether the activity is directed predominantly at the process control task, at something else, or miscellaneous. Motivation reflects if the activity is driven by intrinsic or extrinsic motivation. A case study is presented, in which 3 morning, 3 afternoon, and 3 night shifts of a Nuclear Power Plant operator crew are involved. The obtained results gave a deeper understanding of the operators’ activity and also revealed an “arousal compensation” tendency.     

Aspects of Tests and Assessment of Filtering Materials Used for Respiratory Protection Against Bioaerosols. Part I: Type of Active Substance,Contact Time,Microorganism Species

This paper presents the results of a study on antimicrobial activity of polymer filter nonwovens produced by needle-punching or melt-blowing with an addition of disinfecting agents. The first part of the paper discusses how the biocidal activity of nonwovens is a function of the active agent added to the nonwovens, the duration of the contact of microorganisms with nonwovens and the type of microorganisms. The types of fibres and disinfecting agents had a considerable effect on the biocidal activity of nonwovens. The biocidal effect of nonwovens increased with the duration of their contact with microorganisms. Fibre activity differed considerably depending on the species of the microorganism. The microorganisms most sensitive to biocidal activity of the active filter nonwoven were S. aureus, M. flavus and E. coli. There were no biocidal effects on spore-forming bacterium B. subtilis.     

The Potential of Using Solar Energy to Process Full-Fat Soybeans (Glycine max) to Reduce Urease Activity

The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of panel solar cookers in reducing urease activity in full-fat soybeans (Glycine max). Changes in urease activity of soaked (SM), coarse-milled (CM) and whole dry (WM) full fat soybeans were investigated by roasting for 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min in multiple reflector panel solar cookers, in a 3 3 3 factorial experiment. Soaking soybeans for 14 h reduced (p<0.05) ^{1 1}P < 0.05 means that the probability (p) of falsely concluding significant difference between values obtained after statistical analysis was less than 5% (0.05). urease activity by 9%, from 6.58 meqNH₃/g DM to 5.98 meqNH₃/g DM. After 180 min of solar roasting, urease activity levels had declined by 81%, 67% and 23% in soaked, milled and whole dry soybeans respectively. Full fat soybean urease activity can be reduced faster in soaked than in dry soybeans. Findings suggest that there is potential in using multiple reflector panel solar cookers to reduce urease activity in full fat soybeans.     

高效絮凝菌的培养条件优化

从呼和浩特市污水处理厂筛选分离了1株高效絮凝剂产生菌YS2,通过培养条件优化试验确定了该菌株产絮凝剂的最佳培养条件:碳源为蔗糖、氮源为脲、N/C为2.5∶1、初始pH值为6.0、培养温度为30℃。絮凝试验表明:该菌株产生的生物絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液有良好的絮凝效果,絮凝率达到95%。絮凝活性分布试验表明其絮凝活性全部存在于离心沉降物中,而上清液没有絮凝活性。16S rDNA测序鉴定其为克雷伯氏菌G。     

Relation of hepatic EROD activity and cytochrome P4501A level in Sebastiscus marmoratus exposed to benzo[a]pyrene

This study was designed to investigate the in vivo effects of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） on hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase （EROD） activity and its correlation with cytochrome P4501A （CYP1A） protein levels in Sebastiscus marmoratus, which were exposed through a water column to BaP （10, 100, 1000 ng/L, respectively） or were treated with intraperitoneal injections of BaP （0.5, 1, 5, 10 mg/kg, respectively） every 7 d. The results showed that after 25 d of waterborne exposure to 1000 ng/L BaP, fish hepatic CYP1A levels and EROD activity were significantly induced. In contrast, EROD activity was not altered 7 d after second intraperitoneal injections, whereas, CYP1A protein levels were increased. Dose-dependent increase of biliary BaP metabolites demonstrated that the catalytic activity of CYP1A was induced by treatment with BaP. The lowest observable effect concentration with regard to biliary BaP metabolites （100 ng/L） was much lower than that with reference to EROD activity （1000 ng/L）. The results suggest that biliary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon （PAH） metabolites were shown to better reflect the contamination gradients of PAHs than EROD activity. It appeared to be necessary to measure CYP1A protein levels to complement the EROD activity in relevant toxicological assessments.     

包埋固定化微生物的特性研究

文章通过实验研究了PVA与海藻酸钠混合载体包埋固定化微生物系统降解有机物的过程,并对其特性进行了分析。结果发现运行初期凝胶体有凝胶溶出现象,第一天凝胶有机物溶出高达2 173 mg,随后溶出量减少,7～8天溶出停止;同时发现包埋后的微生物活性有损伤和恢复的过程,损伤时相对活性为0.27经过恢复可达到0.85;另外,凝胶的粒径和比重等物理特性也随时间变化,最后趋于稳定。一年多运行实验发现包埋凝胶体的抗持久性也较好。这些特性的探讨将为工程应用提供理论指导。     

Runoff variation affected by precipitation change and human activity in Hailiutu River basin,China

For recent years, runoff generation and hydrological processes in Hailiutu River basin have been greatly changed by climate change and human activity, especially water and soil conservation construction. In this study, the trends in precipitation, evapotranspiration (ET) and river runoff as well as the effects of precipitation change and human activity on runoff variation have been studied. The results showed that during 1960–2000, annual precipitation and river runoff, monthly precipitation and ET in September and October as well as monthly runoff in all months showed a significant decrease. In addition, peak flow and base flow had a large decrease. Under the joint influence of precipitation change and human activity, the mean annual runoff decreased by 35 million m³ from the baseline period (1960–1985) to the change period (1986–2000), which accounted for 60.9% and 39.1% of the total runoff decrease, respectively. Precipitation change played a primary role in the decrease of annual runoff whereas human activity, particularly water and soil conservation construction, also had remarkable impacts on runoff variation.     

不同改良物质添加对滨海盐碱地土壤重金属及酶活性的影响

改良物质添加在改善土壤理化性质的同时也可能会导致土壤重金属累积.实验设置了对照（CK）、有机肥（OM）、聚丙烯酰胺+有机肥（PAM+OM）、秸秆覆盖+有机肥（SM+OM）、秸秆深埋+有机肥（BS+OM）和生物菌肥+有机肥（BM+OM）共6个处理方式,研究不同改良物质添加对滨海盐碱地土壤重金属和土壤酶活性的影响,以及二者之间的关系.结果表明,与CK处理相比,不同处理下土壤Cr、Cu、Ni和Pb含量呈现上升趋势,其中SM+OM和PAM+OM处理分别对Cr和Cu含量的影响最为显著,而BM+OM处理对Ni和Pb含量影响最为显著.与CK处理相比,改良物质添加后土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性显著上升,其中BM+OM处理效果最好;碱性磷酸酶活性呈现上升趋势,但上升程度较小;过氧化氢酶活性无显著变化.冗余分析表明前两轴累积可解释酶活性变异特征的70.3%,单一重金属对土壤酶活性影响的重要性大小依次为：Ni>Cu>Cr>Pb.     

植物激素对平菇菌丝生长及酶活性的影响

采用固体平板和液体摇瓶培养方法,研究了赤霉素、2,4-D、吲哚乙酸和萘乙酸4种激素对平菇-126菌丝生长及酶活性的影响。结果表明,吲哚乙酸虽然能提高发酵液胞外蛋白的含量和过氧化物酶活性,但对菌丝的生长起抑制作用,这与吲哚乙酸能引起平菇菌丝裂解和细胞膜渗漏有关;萘乙酸、低浓度2,4-D能促进菌丝的伸长;萘乙酸、赤霉素在低浓度下也能促进菌丝的分枝,对菌丝的生长整体上起促进作用。除吲哚乙酸外,其他3种激素对平菇菌丝生长影响都有两重性：低浓度下能促进菌丝的生长,浓度过高则会对菌丝生长产生毒害作用。     

微生物源槐糖脂对水果致腐真菌的抑制作用

致腐真菌是诱发水果采后病害,造成水果在运输、货架期间和贮藏过程腐败变质的主要原因.从腐烂水果上分离得到17株菌,其中9株为致腐真菌,研究了由拟威克酵母发酵产生的槐糖脂对该9株菌的作用,包括抑菌圈直径、抑菌率和对菌丝蔓延的影响.发现槐糖脂对9株致腐真菌有很好的抑制作用,浓度达到2.0 g L-1时,致腐菌(孢子)抑制率达...