Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air, surface soil and wheat grain near a large steel-smelting manufacturer in northern China

The total concentrations and component profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air, surface soil and wheat grain collected from wheat fields near a large steel-smelting manufacturer in Northern China were determined. Based on the specific isomeric ratios of paired species in ambient air, principle component analysis and multivariate linear regression, the main emission source of local PAHs was identified as a mixture of industrial and domestic coal combustion, biomass burning and traffic exhaust. The total organic carbon (TOC) fraction was considerably correlated with the total and individual PAH concentrations in surface soil. The total concentrations of PAHs in wheat grain were relatively low, with dominant low molecular weight constituents, and the compositional profile was more similar to that in ambient air than in topsoil. Combined with more significant results from partial correlation and linear regression models, the contribution from air PAHs to grain PAHs may be greater than that from soil PAHs.     

城市化过程中黑碳的土壤记录及其环境指示意义

以南京市为对象,通过3组共计10个土壤剖面的采样,用湿化学氧化法分析了土壤有机碳（organic carbon,OC）和黑碳（black carbon,BC）的含量.研究发现,南京城市土壤剖面中黑碳含量的变幅为0.22～32.19 g·kg^-1,平均值为4.35 g·kg^-1.第1组城市土壤剖面中黑碳含量的平均值为0.91 g·kg^-1,第2组为8.62 g·kg^-1,第3组为3.72 g·kg^-1.城市土壤剖面中BC/OC值的变幅为0.03～1.59,平均值为0.29,其中BC/OC平均值的大小顺序是：受古代工业活动影响的第2组最大,受现代工业和交通人为活动影响的第3组次之,受古代居民生活影响的第1组最低.研究认为,在城市化过程中,由于工业和交通等人类活动引起的生物物质和矿物燃料（煤、石油等）燃烧产生的BC在土壤中都有不同程度的沉积和记录.BC含量和BC/OC值的大小可能在一定程度上反映了不同人为影响过程和城市土壤的污染程度.城市区域BC的主要来源是矿物燃料燃烧,其中表层（现代层）主要来自交通车辆（尤其是柴油为动力的机车）排放的颗粒物质,而在古代（文化层）可能与燃烧用煤历史有关.     

基于流体分离污泥的异质性:微生物活性和群落结构

生物流化床处理系统中的剩余污泥如果能够被识别为老化的污泥和高活性的污泥,并通过某一种物理方法加以原位分离,则有可能提高生物处理的效率.本文以构造流体力场实现基于比重分布不同污泥组分的分离,得到聚结型污泥与离散型污泥,考察了两种污泥在胞外聚合物、微生物活性和微生物群落结构方面的差异,并与降解活性相关联,以证明异质性的存在.研究发现:活性污泥这种异质性的存在归因于离散型污泥中的胞外聚合物含量高,亲水性更强,比重更小;聚结型污泥在基质利用效率、比耗氧速率方面优于离散型污泥;在废水生物处理系统的污泥中,聚结型污泥较离散型污泥具有微生物群落结构分布上的优势,种群丰度更高.研究结果证明了聚结型污泥和离散型污泥内部菌胶团存在着功能上的差异,前者是应该被保留的活性组分,后者应该作为剩余污泥加以分离排出.     

A simple and cheap method for preparation of coupled ZrO2/ZnO with high photocatalytic activities

The objective of this study was to prepare a new photocatalyst with high activities for degradation of organic pollutants. Coupled ZrO₂/ZnO photocatalyst was prepared with a simple precipitation method with cheap raw materials zinc acetate and zirconium oxychloride, and was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Reactive brilliant red X-3B was used as a model compound to investigate the photocatalytic activity of synthesized catalysts in water under 254 nm UV irradiation. Results show that the optimal calcination temperature and coupling molar ratio of Zr were 350°C And 2.5%, respectively. At the calcination temperature of 350°C, ZrO₂ was dispersed on the surface of hexagonal ZnO in the form of amorphous clusters. The particle size of ZrO₂/ZnO decreased with the decrease of calcination temperature and the increase of Zr coupling amount. ZrO₂/ZnO has better photocatalytic activity for degradation of reactive brilliant red (RBR) X-3B than pure ZnO and P25-TiO₂.     

鲫鱼脑AChE制备及对几种有机磷农药敏感性研究

乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)是生物神经兴奋传导中的一种关键性酶。有机磷农药能够磷酰化AChE活性中心的丝氨酸羟基,导致神经传导阻断,因此AChE是有机磷农药残留检测的靶酶。文章选择鲫鱼脑作为酶源,对AChE提取方法进行了研究,并探讨了其对有机磷农药的敏感性。首先粗提AChE,通过正交试验确定了AChE酶活测定的最佳条件,研究了粗酶对几种有机磷农药的敏感性及检测限,之后通过层析方法纯化AChE,得到高活性的目标酶。研究表明AChE活性测定最佳条件为:200mmol/L底物、pH8.0、30℃水浴30min,这些因素对酶得活性影响顺序为:底物浓度pH温度时间,酶剂量对其影响最小;由鲫鱼脑粗提得到的AChE对4种有机磷农药的敏感性为:敌敌畏敌百虫氧乐果三唑磷辛硫磷乙酰甲胺磷;纯化后酶活达到了458.43μmo(lmin·mg),适合用于有机磷农药检测。     

污泥超声处理及其在好氧消化中的应用

污泥好氧消化工艺可以有效实现污泥的稳定和减量,为了进一步提高好氧消化的效率,促进有机质的降解,在对污泥超声处理性能研究的基础上,考察了不同超声辅助处理手段对污泥好氧消化的影响.结果表明,经1.0 W/mL超声处理10 min后,污泥上清液中溶解性COD增加了5.4倍,污泥总悬浮固体减少了16%;而经0.05 W/mL超声处理10 min后,污泥比耗氧速率可提高29%.用这2种超声预处理好氧消化的进泥时,污泥有机质降解率没有明显改变,但用1.0 W/mL超声处理好氧消化的回流污泥时,污泥有机质降解率提高了15%,而且消化污泥的沉降性能良好,上清液中有机质含量增加很少,因此,后者可以用于改善污泥好氧消化工艺.     

ASSESSMENT OF PREDICTORS FOR STREAM EUTROPHICATION POTENTIAL1

ABSTRACT: Predicting stream eutrophication potential from non-point source nutrient loading across large temporal and spatial scales is a significant problem. In this paper we describe how two physiological indicators of P stress of stream bioflims, alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) and stored (surplus) P relate to two predictors of P loading: annual P loading predicted by the watershed model SIMPLE, and stream concentrations of soluble reactive P (SRP) in eight subbasins in the illinois River basin in Oklahoma. Data for APA, surplus P, nutrients and water chemistry were obtained at watershed outlets once during the cold season and twice during the warm season. There was a negative curvilinear relationship between APA and both predictors. Best fit was achieved by APA vs. annual predicted P loading. Both SRP and P. load are potentially useful to identify subbasins requiring no pollution abatement and to establish a regional target for P-load reduction. Surplus P is not as useful as APA in establishing these thresholds.     

Seasonal variation of Ra/Ra ratio in seaweed: implications for water circulation patterns in coastal areas of the Noto Peninsula, Japan

To examine water circulation patterns of coastal water, 72 seaweed (Sargasso) samples and 27 coastal water samples were collected from coastal areas of the Noto Peninsula, Japan, during the period from December 1998 to June 2002. The (228)Ra and (226)Ra activities of those samples were measured by low-background gamma-ray spectrometry. There was a wide range of activities of (228)Ra (0.5-2Bq/kg-fresh) and (226)Ra (0.5-1.2Bq/kg-fresh) in the Sargasso samples. The (228)Ra/(226)Ra activity ratio of Sargasso samples exhibited seasonal variation with minimum values in June ((228)Ra/(226)Ra= approximately 1) and maximum values in December (1.5-2.5), which was mainly governed by changes in (228)Ra activity. It is also notable that the seasonal variation of the (228)Ra/(226)Ra ratio of Sargasso is in approximate agreement with that of the ambient coastal water. Sargasso samples appear to have retained the (228)Ra/(226)Ra ratio of the ambient coastal waters, and the temporal variations in that ratio provide insight into seasonal changes in water circulation in the Noto Peninsula coastal area.     

地震活动性的自助统计分析及其在河南省及邻区地震预报中的应用

引用自助统计分析 ,对华北地区 17次中强地震前地震活动震级分布的离散度自助统计方差σBM值与地震活动的关系进行了分析和研究 ,总结出了中强地震前地震活动离散度自助统计方差σBM值的异常特征。同时 ,把该方法应用到了河南及邻区中等地震预报研究中 ,制定了预报规则 ,进行了预测内符检验和预报评分。结果表明 ,该方法是一种有效的中短期地震预报方法 ,具有推广应用价值     

Daily Activity and Mobility of the Common Shrew (Sorex araneus L.)

Data on the daily activity and mobility of the common shrew (Sorex araneusL.) were obtained by the method of animal marking and recapturing in test plots. Sex- and age-related differences in the locomotor activity of animals were revealed, which depended on population size and the phase of the population cycle. Under natural conditions, animal activity in the daytime proved to decrease to a lesser extent than in captivity. The mobility (locomotor activity) of shrews was shown to depend on population density, reproductive rate, and weather.