处理重金属废水人工湿地中微生物群落结构和酶活性变化

研究了处理含铜、铬与镍废水的三阶段波形潜流人工湿地中微生物群落结构和酶活性的空间变化. 用稀释平板菌落计数法研究了微生物的数量变化,用PCR-DGGE结合测序研究了微生物群落结构变化,并用比色法测定了土壤酶活性. 结果表明,在人工湿地中,细菌数量为(4.10 ± 0.72)×10⁶ ～ (1.61±0.10)×10⁷,真菌数量为(7.21±1.60)×10⁴ ～(1.29±0.02)×10⁵;放线菌数量为(1.41±0.27)×10⁶ ～(3.38±0.11)×10⁶. 回收自DGGE凝胶中的8个不同的条带均为特异的16S rRNA序列或18S rRNA序列,说明微生物群落结构发生了显著变化. 最大的脲酶活性［（0.67 ± 0.2) mg/(g·24 h）］、蔗糖酶活性［（40.15 ± 0.14) mg/(g·24 h）］和碱性磷酸酶活性［（1.03 ± 0.16) mg/(g·2 h）］分别出现在第1、第3和第1阶段. 相关性分析表明,真菌数与全量铬含量、有效态铬含量和铬的活化率均呈显著负相关,蔗糖酶活性与全量铜、全量镍和有效态镍也均呈显著负相关.     

表面活性剂促进剩余污泥酶水解的研究

为了提高污泥酶水解的效率,研究向污泥中投加表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS）强化污泥酶水解的效果.结果表明,SDS极大促进了剩余污泥酶水解,且复合酶的处理效果优于单酶.复合酶的投加量为0.06 g/g时,SCOD溶出率随SDS投加量成正比增加.SDS为0.20 g/g时,S...     

不同碳氮比对海水养殖废水脱氮效果的影响

工厂化海水养殖废水C/N（碳氮比）较低,有效碳源不足,生物脱氮工艺往往由于缺乏碳源而受到抑制.为揭示脱氮工艺中不同过程对碳源匮乏的敏感程度,应用A/O-MBBR（缺氧/好氧-移动床生物膜反应器）处理模拟海水养殖废水,探讨进水C/N降低（从12降至1）对反应器运行效果的影响,并根据EPS（胞外聚合物）、AMO（氨单加氧酶）、NOR（亚硝酸盐氧化酶）、NIR（亚硝酸盐还原酶）、NR（硝酸盐还原酶）的活性,分析碳源不足对不同脱氮过程的抑制状况.结果表明:①C/N降低时,COD_Cr、NH₄+-N、NO₂--N的去除率均未下降,自养型的氨氧化、亚硝化过程不受影响,AMO和NOR活性提高.②缺氧区pH降低,ρ（DO）升高,NO₃--N的去除率显著降低,C/N为5时开始积累,NR活性明显下降.③异养反硝化反应电子供体出现由外碳源向内碳源和EPS的转换,缺氧区EPS含量逐渐减少,C/N为1时比C/N为6时减少了47%.研究显示,碳源不足是造成海水养殖废水生物反硝化不彻底的主要原因,为了实现高效脱氮,需要在海水养殖废水处理过程中严格控制ρ（DO）并且提供足够的碳源.      

可见光响应GO/g-C3N4改性平板膜的制备条件及其表面性能

以氧化石墨烯(GO)与石墨相氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)为改性剂,采用界面聚合与超滤抽吸结合,对PVDF平板超滤膜(简称原膜)进行表面改性,得到可见光响应的纳米复合改性膜(简称:GO/g-C_3N_4改性膜),研究改性膜的制备条件及其表面性能.结果表明:(1)最佳制备条件为:g-C_3N_410 mg、g-C_3N_4/GO比值为80、苯胺(An)浓度0.5%、An浸泡时间4 h、过硫酸铵(APS)浓度0.8 g·L~(-1)、APS浸泡时间3 h;(2)GO/g-C_3N_4改性膜表面亲水性与抗污染性能显著提高,表面接触角下降55.1%,通量衰减率下降46.3%,经水力冲洗后膜通量恢复率增加51.5%;(3)改性膜的机械强度与拉伸强度增强,拉伸弹性模量增加;(4)GO/g-C_3N_4改性膜表面具有较强的可见光活性,最大吸收边带为495 nm,表面改性功能层的禁带宽度(Eg)值为2.5 e V.改性膜对罗丹明B(Rh B)的可见光催化降解去除率达到81.2%,而原膜对Rh B吸附去除率仅为42.2%.     

煤矿塌陷区土壤酶活性与养分分布及相关研究——以焦作韩王庄矿塌陷区为例

选取河南省焦作市韩王庄矿采煤塌陷区土壤作为研究对象,对其酶活性与土壤养分分布及其相关性进行分析,结果表明:土壤酶活性和土壤养分随土壤深度的增加而减少;除过氧化氢酶外,土壤酶活性和土壤养分含量规律均呈现为:上坡点1＜下坡点2＜塌陷中心点O;根据LSD多重比较发现,与对照相比,土壤养分中全氮、全磷、速效钾下降均达到显著或极显著水平;土壤中过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶活性与土壤中碱解氮之间存在着显著的相关关系,脲酶、多酚氧化酶与全氮含量显著相关,蔗糖酶活性和有机质间显著相关.     

Response of soil catalase activity to chromium contamination

The impact of chromium(III) and (VI) forms on soil catalase activity was presented. The Orthic Podzol, Haplic Phaeozem and Mollic Gleysol from di erent depths were used in the experiment. The soil samples were amended with solution of Cr(III) using CrCl3, and with Cr(VI) using K2Cr2O7 in the concentration range from 0 to 20 mg/kg, whereas the samples without the addition of chromium served as control. Catalase activity was assayed by one of the commonly used spectrophotometric methods. As it was demonstrated in the experiment, both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) have an ability to reduce soil catalase activity. A chromium dosage of 20 mg/kg caused the inhibition of catalase activity and the corresponding contamination levels ranged from 75% to 92% for Cr(III) and 68% to 76% for Cr(VI), with relation to the control. Catalase activity reached maximum in the soil material from surface layers (0–25 cm), typically characterized by the highest content of organic matter creating favorable conditions for microorganisms.     

引物选择对污泥微生物多样性分析的影响

研究不同引物对PCR-DGGE和PCR-RFLP技术分析污泥群落结构的影响,选取8对通用引物扩增16S rDNA不同可变区序列并对细菌多样性进行DGGE分析,也选取11对通用引物扩增16S rDNA片段并对细菌多样性进行RFLP分析.通过分析PCR产物琼脂糖凝胶电泳图谱、DGGE图谱和酶切图谱,评价不同引物的扩增效果及其对污泥群落多样性的表征能力.结果表明,采用不同引物进行污泥群落结构DGGE分析或RFLP分析时,污泥群落多样性差异显著.PCR-DGGE分析中,引物B341F/B534R(V3区)分析效果较好,条带较丰富,能够充分反映污泥群落多样性.PCR-RFLP分析中,引物27f/8f和1500R扩增效果较好,酶切位点较多,酶切图谱条带丰富,差异性显著,能够充分表征污泥群落多样性.因此,活性污泥细菌多样性分析时,PCR-DGGE分析较优的引物为B341F和B534R,PCR-RFLP分析较优的引物为27f/8f和1500R.     

含氮杂环化合物吡啶缺氧降解过程中硝酸还原酶活性研究

在实验室中，采用摇床试验，在保证缺氧的条件下。研究了含氮杂环化合物吡啶缺氧反硝化降解过程中，硝酸还原酶的适宜作用条件、吡啶降解过程中硝酸还原酶活性变化情况及吡啶和硝态氮等的降解情况。结果表明，C／N对吡啶缺氧反硝化降解具有重要意义，pH和温度均对硝黧还原酶活性具有一定影响。硝酸还原酶的适宜作用条件为：温度25—30℃，pH7．5。吡啶降解过程中，硝酸还原酶活性由低到高逐渐提高，最后达到一个相对稳定的数值。在适宜的碳氮比条件下，吡啶起始浓度越高，硝酸还原酶最后稳定活性越高。     

某深埋输水隧洞放射性环境地质调查与评价

为探究某深埋输水隧洞穿越地层的放射性环境质量,采用原位测试和样品分析等手段,研究隧洞施工期的不利因素。结果表明:隧洞地表沿线的放射性元素含量在背景值变化范围内,未发现放射性异常现象。隧洞穿越的7个钻孔内γ总量和地温测井的结果表明:孔内核素放射性水平较低,基本处于豁免水平,但地温存在异常区域,施工期务必引起重视。钻孔目的层的岩心放射性核素活度浓度低,属于豁免范围内,孔内地下水放射性水平低,满足Ⅲ类地下水要求。辐射防护的计算结果显示,隧洞段地表沿线γ有效剂量当量为0.15 mSv/年,符合国家要求。隧洞段内照射指数和等效镭浓度符合约束值,ZK16钻孔的目的层外照射指数略高于标准值。因此,地下隧洞在施工期需着重关注洞内放射性水平,在辐射异常地段加强岩石采样与分析工作,以保证施工安全。     

Plant diversity reduces the effect of multiple heavy metal pollution on soil enzyme activities and microbial community structure

It is unclear whether certain plant species and plant diversity could reduce the impacts of multiple heavy metal pollution on soil microbial structure and soil enzyme activities. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to analyze the genetic diversity and microbial similarity in planted and unplanted soil under combined cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) pollution. A metal hyperaccumulator, Brassica juncea, and a common plant, Festuca arundinacea Schreb, were used in this research. The results showed that microorganism quantity in planted soil significantly increased, compared with that in unplanted soil with Cd and Pb pollution. The order of microbial community sensitivity in response to Cd and Pb stress was as follows: actinomycetes>bacteria>fungi. Respiration, phosphatase, urease and dehydrogenase activity were significantly inhibited due to Cd and Pb stress. Compared with unplanted soil, planted soils have frequently been reported to have higher rates of microbial activity due to the presence of additional surfaces for microbial colonization and organic compounds released by the plant roots. Two coexisting plants could increase microbe population and the activity of phosphatases, dehydrogenases and, in particular, ureases. Soil enzyme activity was higher in B. juncea phytoremediated soil than in F. arundinacea planted soil in this study. Heavy metal pollution decreased the richness of the soil microbial community, but plant diversity increased DNA sequence diversity and maintained DNA sequence diversity at high levels. The genetic polymorphism under heavy metal stress was higher in B. juncea phytoremediated soil than in F. arundinacea planted soil.