Behavioral and histological characterization of the effects of cigarette smoke inhalation and withdrawal in rats

Abstract

The aims of the study are to assess some effects of smoking for 3?months and of withdrawal of male weaned rats on anxiety, locomotor activity, and depression using common behavioral tests such as the marble burying, open field, and forced swim tests. Somatic signs of abstinence and histological effects were also studied. The rats present changes of the aforementioned behaviors as well as histological alterations of the lungs.     

Enzymatic and cellular level effects of nickel∗

The effects of Ni on hepatic enzymes of tilapia, viz. acid‐ and alkaline phosphatases, catalase and glucose‐6‐phosphatase, both under in vivo and in vitro conditions reflected the following tendencies. In vivo conditions indicated maximal increase in activity for acid phosphatase at 3.00 ppm, equivalent to 28.5%, followed by a slight decrease and increase thereafter. As for alkaline phosphatase, gradual increase in activity was observed with maximal activity at 9 ppm of Ni, equivalent to 16.8%. Catalase demonstrated similar tendencies with maximal activity at 9.0 ppm, equivalent to 101.2%. In the case of glucose‐6‐phosphatase, the tendency was the reverse with maximal inhibition at 9.00 ppm, i.e. 41.9%. In contrast to in vivo conditions, in vitro systems indicated that all investigated enzymes were inhibited in the region of 4–10% except for catalase which demonstrated a slight increase by 5–6% in activity between concentrations of 10–15 ppm of Ni but thereafter continuous inhibitory effects prevailed.

At cellular level, exposure of tilapia to a lethal dose of 9 ppm of Ni indicated not much of an adverse effect except for a slight depletion in fat and glycogen content. In the case of mitochondria, they were normal and a few large secondary lysosomes were observed. In relation to the cell membrane no dramatic change was detected.     

不同结构芳香酸对厌氧颗粒污泥特性与微生物群落的影响

以苯甲酸(BA)、邻苯二甲酸(PA)、连苯三甲酸(HA)、1-萘甲酸(1NA)为研究对象,探究了不同结构芳香酸对厌氧颗粒污泥理化特性与微生物群落的影响.结果表明,在40 d的接触实验中,1NA实验组对溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)的去除率为86.09％,与空白对照组相比降低了7％.4个实验组污泥疏松胞外聚合物(LB-EP...     

Enhanced bioremediation of oil contaminated soil by graded modified Fenton oxidation

The fraction of oil (C₁₀-C₄₀) became more biodegradable after graded modified Fenton’s oxidation, therefore, it can be considered a mild pre-treatment method to obtain more effective bioremediation for oil contaminated soil.     

闽北典型毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)林土壤酶活性及其与土壤肥力的关系

以中亚热带杉木林和常绿阔叶林为对照,对闽北典型毛竹林土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶和脲酶活性及其与土壤肥力的关系进行研究,旨在探讨土壤酶活性作为竹林土壤肥力评价指标的可行性。结果表明:土壤酶活性空间差异因林分和酶而异,但整体随土层增加而减弱且差异显著;竹阔混交对提高土壤酶活性效果显著,4种酶活性均以竹阔混交林最强,杉木纯林最弱;树种组成、森林利用对土壤肥力影响显著,致使竹林土壤肥力以竹阔混交林最强,杉竹混交林次之,毛竹纯林最差,故经营竹林时可适当增加阔叶树比例;土壤酶活性尤其是蛋白酶和脲酶活性不仅与众多肥力指标显著相关,还与土壤肥力综合指数相关性显著,但它们并非该区林地土壤肥力评价的最佳指标。     

多种方法测量全国辐射环境监测质量考核样对比研究

介绍了有源效率刻度法及实验室γ谱无源效率刻度系统(LabSOCS)在样品活度浓度分析中的原理,利用多型号低本底高纯锗γ谱仪,通过生态环境部辐射环境监测技术中心(下称技术中心)提供的沉降物考核样品,进行了两种分析方法的对比分析,对LabSOCS软件可靠性进行验证并对比不同型号探测器性能.两种方法所得核素活度浓度结果与技术...     

Effects of copper, manganese and pH on the growth and several enzyme activities of mycorrhizal fungus Cenococcum geophilum Fr.

Ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｃｏｐｐｅｒ，ｍａｎｇａｎｅｓｅａｎｄｐＨｏｎｔｈｅｇｒｏｗｔｈａｎｄｓｅｖｅｒａｌｅｎｚｙｍｅａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓｏｆｍｙｃｏｒｒｈｉｚａｌｆｕｎｇｕｓＣｅｎｏｃｏｃｃｕｍｇｅｏｐｈｉｌｕｍＦｒ．￥ＫｏｎｇＦａｎｘｉａｎｇ；Ｚｈａ...     

增温及秸秆施用对冬小麦田土壤呼吸和酶活性的影响

为研究增温及秸秆施用对冬小麦田土壤呼吸和酶活性的影响,于2014-11~2015-05进行田间试验.设置对照、增温、秸秆施用、增温及秸秆施用这4个处理,观测了不同处理下土壤呼吸、土壤温度、土壤湿度(体积含水量)的季节动态,并在拔节期、孕穗期、扬花期观测了不同处理下的土壤脲酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶活性.结果表明,对照、增温、秸秆施用、增温及秸秆施用这4个处理的季节平均土壤呼吸速率分别为1.46、1.96、1.92、2.45μmol·(m2·s)-1.方差分析表明,增温处理与对照、秸秆施用处理与对照、增温及秸秆施用处理与对照3对处理之间的季节平均土壤呼吸速率均存在显著差异(P0.05).不同处理下土壤呼吸与土壤温度的关系均可用指数回归方程拟合,指数回归方程可分别解释对照、增温、秸秆施用、增温及秸秆施用这4个处理土壤呼吸34.3%、28.1%、24.6%、32.0%的变异.增温、秸秆施用比对照处理显著(P0.05)提高了脲酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶活性.土壤呼吸与脲酶活性存在线性回归关系,其P值为0.061,接近显著水平;土壤呼吸与转化酶(P=0.013)、过氧化氢酶活性(P=0.002)均存在极显著的线性回归关系.     

秸秆还田对外源氮在土壤中转化及其微生物响应的影响

秸秆还田是农业生产上提高土壤肥力的重要措施,而秸秆中较高的碳氮比,使秸秆碳的利用率较低,温室气体排放较高,因此配施无机氮磷肥能够调控土壤中元素计量比,增加微生物活性和元素利用率,促进土壤肥力提升.本研究选择在模拟秸秆还田条件下,添加¹⁵ N标记的无机氮肥,研究不同养分肥料添加对土壤中外源氮转化与分配的影响,以及微生物响应特征.结果表明,秸秆添加增加了土壤和土壤溶液中铵态氮和总氮含量;秸秆与无机氮肥配施条件下,土壤中¹⁵ N-TN在100 d培养时期内基本保持在28~33 μg,¹⁵ N-NH₄⁺在前30 d培养时期内逐渐增加,而后逐渐降低;施P增加了土壤中¹⁵ N-TN和¹⁵ N-NH₄⁺的含量,却使土壤溶液中¹⁵ N量降低了28%.无机氮肥在土壤中的分配表明,¹⁵ N在土壤中的比例基本保持在52%~61%,磷肥的添加使¹⁵ N在土壤中的分配比例最大提高了16.5%,而土壤溶液中¹⁵ N的比例由第5 d的36%降低至100 d时30%,使外源¹⁵ N损失量减少了1.2倍.秸秆添加促进了微生物活性,显著提高了土壤MBN的量;而无机肥料的添加进一步促进了土壤微生物的活性,100 d培养实验后,秸秆与无机氮、磷肥同时添加使MBN增加到对照处理的2.0和2.2倍.磷肥添加促进了微生物对¹⁵ N的利用,使¹⁵ N-微生物生物量氮（¹⁵ N-MBN）的量比添加秸秆和氮肥处理的提高了1.5倍.对土壤氮转化酶活性（β-1,4-N-乙酰葡糖氨糖苷酶,NAG）的研究结果表明,氮肥降低了土壤酶活性和底物亲和性,而氮磷肥同时添加时,酶活性较单加秸秆处理提高了48.1%.本研究可为深入了解稻田土壤生态系统氮循环、实现农田土壤肥力提升和温室气体减排提供理论依据.     

福州清洁地区夏季和秋季VOCs浓度特征及化学反应活性

挥发性有机物(VOCs)的臭氧生成潜势引起广泛关注.2014年夏季和秋季对福州清洁地区鼓山挥发性有机物浓度特征及化学反应活性进行监测研究.鼓山夏季总挥发性有机物平均浓度为(262.57±256.71)μg·m-3,低于秋季(330.74±254.38)μg·m-3.两季平均VOCs浓度组成为烷烃(115.37±20.99)μg·m-3,含氧化硫烃(66.54±2.10)μg·m-3,卤代烃(63.17±13.96)μg·m-3,烯烃(34.20±5.50)μg·m-3,芳香烃(17.38±5.65)μg·m-3.VOCs浓度日变化趋势表现出明显的季节特征.通过比较VOCs各物种的化学反应活性,发现鼓山站点两季中烯烃类浓度远低于烷烃,但其具有最大臭氧生成潜势,约为烷烃的3倍,其次是烷烃和芳香烃.此外,异戊二烯对臭氧生成的贡献亦大.对优势物种进行分析,并选取间/对-二甲苯和乙苯环境浓度的比值作为评价气团老化程度的指标,结果表明:鼓山VOCs主要来源于交通源,夏季主要来自于大气的远程输送,而秋季受局地交通排放源影响较大.