安徽省地表137Cs的活度水平与分布特征

在安徽全省均匀布置采样点,采集222个样品并测定~(137)Cs.其活度,南部山区明显高于北部平原,全省平均值为834Bq/m~2.~(137)Cs高值带大体上为西北-东南走向,并在山脉两侧形成更高值区。     

半导体材料生产排放污染物对活性污泥酶活性的影响

采用控制MLSC为2000mg/L的静态试验,研究GaAs、Ga~(3+)、In~(3+)、As(V)对活性污泥脱氢酶、脲酶、蛋白酶活性的影响.结果表明,抑制10％脱氢酶、脲酶活性的GaAs浓度分别为80.3mg/gMLSS和29.0mg/g MLSS;抑制10％脱氢酶、脲酶、蛋白酶活性时,Ga~(3+)浓度分别为228.5mg/gMLSS、56.0mg/g MLSS、204mg/g MLSS;In~(3+)浓度则分别为25.4mg/g MLSS、89.0mg/g MLSS、132.4mg/g MLSS;As(V)浓度分别为552.6mg/g MLSS、464.6mg/g MLSS、193.7mg/g MLSS.     

棉秆还田对咸水滴灌棉田土壤酶活性和细菌群落结构多样性的影响

咸水长期灌溉会增加土壤盐分,对土壤理化性质产生不利影响,改变土壤细菌的多样性.秸秆还田可以改善土壤微环境,进而影响土壤酶活性和细菌群落结构多样性.试验设置淡水(FW,0.35 dS·m-1)和咸水(SW,8.04 dS·m-1)两种灌溉水盐度,在每个灌溉水盐度下秸秆用量分别为0 kg·hm-2和6 000 kg·hm-...     

土壤氨氧化细菌对大气CO2浓度增高的响应

利用FACE(free-air carbon dioxide enrichment,开放式空气CO2浓度增高)试验平台,研究大气CO2浓度增高对土壤氨氧化细菌的数量、优势菌群及其硝化活性的影响.结果表明,大气CO2浓度增高时,土壤氨氧化细菌的数量在常氮水平上趋于减少,而在高氮水平上与对照没有差异.大气CO2浓度增高对土壤氨氧化细菌的优势菌群也产生明显影响.CO2浓度增高条件下,亚硝化球菌(Nitrosococcus sp.)和亚硝化弧菌(Nitrosovibrio sp.)是优势菌属;而在对照条件下,亚硝化单胞菌(Nitrosomonas sp.)和亚硝化球菌(Nitrosococcus sp.)是优势菌属.另外,CO2浓度增高条件下优势菌株的硝化活性也有不同程度的减弱.     

不同比例硫酸铵替代尿素对玉米根际土壤环境及微生物群落的影响

为了探究工业副产物硫酸铵以不同比例替代尿素做为氮肥施入土壤后对土壤养分以及微生物群落的影响,进行了盆栽玉米试验.试验采用完全随机设计方法,共设置 5 个处理:CK（不施肥）、U₁₀ S₀ （100 % 尿素）、U₈ S₂ （80 % 尿素 + 20 % 硫酸铵）、U₆ S₄ （60 % 尿素 + 40 % 硫酸铵）和U₀ S₁₀ （100 % 硫酸铵）.应用常规方法进行土壤基本理化性质以及玉米植株干重的测定,通过 Illumina NovaSeq 平台进行微生物测序.结果表明:① 在玉米的各个生育期,施肥处理土壤 pH（7.85~8.15）与CK（8.1~8.21）相比都有所下降,并且随着硫酸铵比例的增加pH呈不断下降的趋势;② 在玉米各生育期土壤碱解氮含量随着硫酸铵比例的增加呈逐渐增加的趋势,U₀ S₁₀ 处理比CK和U₁₀ S₀ 处理分别提高了30.56 %~63.68 %和13.22 %~38.43 %;有机碳含量变化趋势为:U₈ S₂ > U₆ S₄ > U₀ S₁₀,但除苗期以外其他生育期添加硫酸铵的处理都仍高于U₁₀ S₀ 处理;③ 所有的施肥处理蛋白酶活性都高于对照,并且随着玉米的不断生长和硫酸铵比例的增加蛋白酶活性逐渐增强,U₀ S₁₀ 处理在玉米各生育期都高于U₁₀ S₀ 处理,提高了 10.54 %~100 %;各施肥处理土壤蔗糖酶活性范围为 0.04~0.24 mg·（g·24 h）^-1,并在所有生育期U₀ S₁₀ 处理都显著高于 U₁₀ S₀ 和CK处理,分别提高了20.32 %~99.16 %、24.31 %~79.33 %;④ 所有施肥处理的玉米根际细菌和真菌物种丰富度都低于 CK 处理,U₁₀ S₀ 处理仅低于CK,硫酸铵替代尿素的3个处理细菌群落物种多样性趋势为:U₈ S₂ > U₀ S₁₀ > U₆ S₄,真菌为:U₆ S₄ > U₈ S₂ > U₀ S₁₀ ;⑤ U₀ S₁₀ 和U₁₀ S₀ 处理玉米植株干重最大,分别比 CK 处理提高了39.47 %和36.16 %,U₀ S₁₀ 处理高于U₁₀ S₀ 处理但差异不显著;Pearson 模型表明相关环境变量对土壤根际真菌和细菌物种丰富度和多样性有一定影响,其中pH值和土壤碱解氮含量是影响微生物物种多样性的最主要因素.综上,在石灰性褐土的玉米种植中,以一定比例硫酸铵替代尿素比单施尿素更能提高土壤养分,在一定程度上影响了玉米生长及根际微生物群落,并且有更大的产出.     

基于umu遗传毒性效应的饮用水致癌风险评价的尝试

化学物质暴露是导致癌症发生的重要诱因,通过饮用水暴露导致的人类致癌风险在饮用水处理技术中日益引起重视.由于水中化学物质种类繁多、组成复杂,准确地检测每个致癌物质的浓度和毒性非常困难.为了控制饮用水的安全,根据DNA损伤诱导SOS反应而表达umuC基因这一基本原理建立的SOS/umu测试法,已经广泛应用于饮用水遗传毒性的检测.论文建立了基于umu遗传毒性效应的饮用水致癌风险评价方法,并对北方某水厂饮用水的遗传毒性进行了umu测试,计算了该地区饮用水的致癌风险,提出了可能的饮用水遗传毒性基准值.结果表明,该水厂常规工艺出水的致癌风险均值为1.55×10-6,存在一定的安全隐患;而深度处理工艺能有效地削减出水致癌风险均值至5.3×10-7,达到目前先进国家水质管理的要求,保障了饮用水的安全.样品中4-硝基喹啉-1-氧化物(4-NQO)的等当量浓度(TEQ4-NQO)0.0948μg·L-1可作为饮用水遗传毒性基准值。     

Measurement of natural radioactivity in chemical fertilizer and agricultural soil: evidence of high alpha activity

People are exposed to ionizing radiation from the radionuclides that are present in different types of natural sources, of which phosphate fertilizer is one of the most important sources. Radionuclides in phosphate fertilizer belonging to ²³²Th and ²³⁸U series as well as radioisotope of potassium (⁴⁰K) are the major contributors of outdoor terrestrial natural radiation. The study of alpha activity in fertilizers, which is the first ever in West Bengal, has been performed in order to determine the effect of the use of phosphate fertilizers on human health. The data have been compared with the alpha activity of different types of chemical fertilizers. The measurement of alpha activity in surface soil samples collected from the cultivated land was also performed. The sampling sites were randomly selected in the cultivated land in the Midnapore district, which is the largest district in West Bengal. The phosphate fertilizer is widely used for large agricultural production, mainly potatoes. The alpha activities have been measured using solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTD), a very sensitive detector for alpha particles. The results show that alpha activity of those fertilizer and soil samples varies from 141 Bq/kg to 2,589 Bq/kg and from 109 Bq/kg to 660 Bq/kg, respectively. These results were used to estimate environmental radiation exposure on human health contributed by the direct application of fertilizers.     

Benefit of suites of defensive behavior induced by predator chemical cues on anuran tadpoles, Hyla japonica

When predator chemical cues are present, low activity of prey is a commonly seen defensive behavior. However, few studies have explored the functional implications of the defensive behaviors and, thus, elucidated the possible linkages between behavioral responses and its consequences. In this study, we experimentally investigated how behavioral responses of Hyla japonica tadpoles to predator chemical cues affect vulnerability to a dragonfly nymph Anax parthenope julius. The frequency of tadpoles attacked by dragonfly nymphs was lower with chemical cues of predator was present than without chemical cues, and most of attacks occurred when tadpoles were mobile. When tadpoles were exposed to chemical cues, on the other hand, their swimming speed was quicker and swimming distance was longer, respectively, and the rates of being approached of the swimming tadpoles by dragonfly nymph was lower than those not exposed to chemical cues. We found that the tadpoles are induced by predator chemical cues not only to generally lower activity but also to swim in bursts as additional behavior and that the suite of their behavioral responses reduce the vulnerability against dragonfly nymph. Tadpoles can receive information about the predation risks by chemical cues and adjust their defensive behavior accordingly.     

多种方法测量全国辐射环境监测质量考核样对比研究

介绍了有源效率刻度法及实验室γ谱无源效率刻度系统(LabSOCS)在样品活度浓度分析中的原理,利用多型号低本底高纯锗γ谱仪,通过生态环境部辐射环境监测技术中心(下称技术中心)提供的沉降物考核样品,进行了两种分析方法的对比分析,对LabSOCS软件可靠性进行验证并对比不同型号探测器性能.两种方法所得核素活度浓度结果与技术...     

铜离子对中国花鲈幼鱼的毒性研究

为给中国花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)养殖提供污染生物学的理论数据,研究了中国花鲈幼鱼的铜离子中毒症状和半致死浓度(LC50);检测了幼鱼肝脏的谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)活力;分析了铜离子胁迫对...