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21.
Agricultural land use is transforming rapidly in Southeast Asia, often supported by development policies aiming primarily at economic growth. However, the socioeconomic outcomes of these changes for smallholder farmers remain unclear. Here, we systematically review cases of agricultural land use change in Southeast Asia to assess their socioeconomic outcomes and potential trade-off and synergies in these outcomes. Of the 126 reviewed cases, we find mostly positive outcomes for income (SDG 1, 100 cases) and employment (SDG 8, 11 cases), while outcomes on health (SDG 3, 9 cases) were mixed, and outcomes for food security (SDG 2, 44 cases), gender equality (SDG 5, 13 cases), and economic equality (SDG 10, 14 cases) were mostly negative. Studies describing multiple outcomes show indications of synergies between income and food security, and between income and employment, but also potential trade-offs between income and economic equality. In addition, we find that economic land concessions result in multiple negative outcomes more often than other types of land governance regimes. The results provide evidence that economic gains from agricultural land use change often come at a cost of other dimensions of sustainable development.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-022-01712-4. 相似文献
22.
Large-scale public infrastructure projects have featured in China’s modernization course since the early 1980s. During the
early stages of China’s rapid economic development, public attention focused on the economic and social impact of high-profile
construction projects. In recent years, however, we have seen a shift in public concern toward the environmental and ecological
effects of such projects, and today governments are required to provide valid environmental impact assessments prior to allowing
large-scale construction. The official requirement for the monitoring of environmental conditions has led to an increased
number of debates in recent years regarding the effectiveness of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and Governmental
Environmental Audits (GEAs) as environmental safeguards in instances of large-scale construction. Although EIA and GEA are
conducted by different institutions and have different goals and enforcement potential, these two practices can be closely
related in terms of methodology. This article cites the construction of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway as an instance in which
EIA and GEA offer complementary approaches to environmental impact management. This study concludes that the GEA approach
can serve as an effective follow-up to the EIA and establishes that the EIA lays a base for conducting future GEAs. The relationship
that emerges through a study of the Railway’s construction calls for more deliberate institutional arrangements and cooperation
if the two practices are to be used in concert to optimal effect. 相似文献
23.
The effects of familiarity and gender on spatial representation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tina Iachini Francesco Ruotolo Gennaro Ruggiero 《Journal of environmental psychology》2009,29(2):227-234
This paper reports a study of how familiarity and gender may influence the frames of reference used in memory to represent a real-world regularly shaped environment. Familiar and unfamiliar participants learned the locations of three triads of buildings by walking on a path which encircled each triad. Then they were shown with maps reproducing these triads at five different orientations (from 0° to 180°) and had to judge whether each triad represented correctly the relative positions between the buildings. Results showed that unfamiliar participants performed better when the orientation of triads was closer to the learning perspective (0° and 45°) and corresponded to front rather than to back positions. Instead, familiar participants showed a facilitation for triads oriented along orthogonal axes (0°–180°, 90°) and no difference between front and back positions. These findings suggested that locations of unfamiliar buildings were mentally represented in terms of egocentric frames of reference; instead, allocentric frames of reference defined by the environment were used when the environment was familiar. Finally, males were more accurate and faster than females, and this difference was particularly evident in participants unfamiliar with the environment. 相似文献
24.
Large scale rainwater harvesting (LSRWH) is a promising alternative to address security and flood issues in urban areas. The development and planning of a LSRWH for an eco-community involves comprehensive site-planning, systems planning and design, which includes the rainwater source collection (roof) to the storage tank, the distribution and allocation system. This paper describes a new technique for designing a LSRWH for a community of 200 houses with an average of 4 persons per house and an average total daily water demand of 160 m3. It was found that the optimal size storage tank for a 20,000 m2 roof area is 160 m3 with a 60% reliability. The application of this model to the case study revealed a significant water saving up to 58% .The total cost for this system is 443,861 USD over a life-span of 25 years. 相似文献
25.
Explosion isolation systems provide critical protection for interconnected vessels and work areas, preventing the spread of explosions through interconnecting pipes and ducts. These systems not only prevent propagating events, but also mitigate the elevated explosion hazards of interconnected vessels, related to pressure piling and enhanced turbulence. Explosion isolation systems can, however, fail catastrophically when they are not properly designed for a use case.Evaluating the performance of explosion isolation systems includes assessing their pressure resistance, flame-barrier efficacy, and determining appropriate installation distances, which typically requires extensive testing. To predict the performance of a system for use cases outside the tested conditions, models are needed to reliably predict both the explosion dynamics and the isolation system response.In this study, a physics-based model for explosion dynamics in vented vessel-pipe systems is developed and validated. An extensive series of large-scale validation experiments were conducted, including tests using an 8 m3 vessel with attached pipes, varying the pipe dimensions, ignition location, and mixture reactivity. The model accurately captures the effects of experimental parameters and predicts the time available for isolation systems to form a flame barrier. This model can help to predict installation distances and reduce the number of tests needed to comprehensively evaluate explosion isolation systems and their use cases. 相似文献
26.
In order to better assess the hazards of explosion accidents, propane-air mixture deflagrations were conducted in a large-scale straight rectangular chamber (with a cross-section of 1.5 m × 1.5 m, length of 10 m, and total volume of 22.5 m3). The effect of initial volume, ignition position, and initial restraints on the explosion characteristics of the propane-air mixtures was investigated. The explosion overpressure, flame propagation, and flame speed were obtained and the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software was used to simulate the flame-propagation process and field flow for auxiliary analysis. The hazards of large-scale propagation explosion under weak and strong constraints were evaluated and the different phases of flame propagation under weak and strong constraints were discriminated. Results indicate that the hazards caused by propane deflagration under weak constraint are mainly caused by flame spread. And the maximum overpressure under strong constraint appeared at the front part of the chamber under the large-scale condition, which is consistent with the previous small-scale test. Moreover, the simulations of flame structures under weak and strong constraint are in good agreement with experimental results, which furthers the understanding of large-scale propane deflagration under different initial conditions in large-scale spaces and provides basic data for three-dimensional CFD model improvement. 相似文献
27.
Mirady Sebastiani Sara Elena González María Mercedes Castillo Pablo Alvizu María Albertina Oliveira Jorge Pérez Antonio Quilici Martín Rada María Carolina Yáber Miguel Lentino 《Environmental management》1994,18(5):647-661
In Venezuela, large-scale shrimp farming began in the 1980s. By 1987, the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MARNR)
had received 14 proposals for approval. A developer illegally started the construction of ponds at the Píritu Lagoon in the
State of Anzoátegui before the authorization process was completed. This action triggered a land-use conflict. This study
identifies the causes for public protest and determines the consequences of this conflict for land-use management. The results
show that public protest was based on the impacts of the partial construction of ponds. These impacts were related to direct
removal of wetlands, interruption of natural patterns of surface flows, and alteration of feeding grounds of some bird species
with migratory status. Consequences were identified in relation to the role that nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) play
in land-use conflicts and the actions that MARNR could take in the future to prevent and solve similar situations. 相似文献
28.
Numerical investigation concerning the impact of CO2 geologic storage on regional groundwater flow 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hajime Yamamoto Keni Zhang Kenzi Karasaki Atsunao Marui Hitoshi Uehara Noriaki Nishikawa 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2009,3(5):586-599
Large-scale storage of carbon dioxide in saline aquifers may cause considerable pressure perturbation and brine migration in deep rock formations, which may have a significant influence on the regional groundwater system. With the help of parallel computing techniques, we conducted a comprehensive, large-scale numerical simulation of CO2 geologic storage that predicts not only CO2 migration, but also its impact on regional groundwater flow. As a case study, a hypothetical industrial-scale CO2 injection in Tokyo Bay, which is surrounded by the most heavily industrialized area in Japan, was considered, and the impact of CO2 injection on near-surface aquifers was investigated, assuming relatively high seal-layer permeability (higher than 10 microdarcy). A regional hydrogeological model with an area of about 60 km × 70 km around Tokyo Bay was discretized into about 10 million gridblocks. To solve the high-resolution model efficiently, we used a parallelized multiphase flow simulator TOUGH2-MP/ECO2N on a world-class high performance supercomputer in Japan, the Earth Simulator. In this simulation, CO2 was injected into a storage aquifer at about 1 km depth under Tokyo Bay from 10 wells, at a total rate of 10 million tons/year for 100 years. Through the model, we can examine regional groundwater pressure buildup and groundwater migration to the land surface. The results suggest that even if containment of CO2 plume is ensured, pressure buildup on the order of a few bars can occur in the shallow confined aquifers over extensive regions, including urban inlands. 相似文献
29.
Silvia Espín Jovan Andevski Guy Duke Igor Eulaers Pilar Gmez-Ramírez Gunnar Thor Hallgrimsson Bjrn Helander Dorte Herzke Veerle L. B. Jaspers Oliver Krone Rui Loureno Pedro María-Mojica Emma Martínez-Lpez Rafael Mateo Paola Movalli Pablo Snchez-Virosta Richard F. Shore Christian Sonne Nico W. van den Brink Bert van Hattum Al Vrezec Chris Wernham Antonio J. García-Fernndez 《Ambio》2021,50(1):95
Birds of prey, owls and falcons are widely used as sentinel species in raptor biomonitoring programmes. A major current challenge is to facilitate large-scale biomonitoring by coordinating contaminant monitoring activities and by building capacity across countries. This requires sharing, dissemination and adoption of best practices addressed by the Networking Programme Research and Monitoring for and with Raptors in Europe (EURAPMON) and now being advanced by the ongoing international COST Action European Raptor Biomonitoring Facility. The present perspective introduces a schematic sampling protocol for contaminant monitoring in raptors. We provide guidance on sample collection with a view to increasing sampling capacity across countries, ensuring appropriate quality of samples and facilitating harmonization of procedures to maximize the reliability, comparability and interoperability of data. The here presented protocol can be used by professionals and volunteers as a standard guide to ensure harmonised sampling methods for contaminant monitoring in raptors.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01341-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献