Microbial responses to the use of NaClO in sediment treatment

• Chlorine addition enhanced the release of TOC, TN from the sediment. • Chlorine has a long-term negative effect on microbial richness. • Usually enzymes lose activity, and expression of genes was downregulated. • Carbon degradation and nitrification might be strongly inhibited. Chlorine is often used in algal removal and deodorization of landscape waters, and occasionally used as an emergency treatment of heavily polluted sediments. However, the ecological impact of this practice has not been fully studied and recognized. In this study, NaClO at 0.1 mmol/g based on dry weight sediment was evenly mixed into the polluted sediment, and then the sediment was incubated for 150 days to evaluate its microbial effect. Results showed that NaClO addition enhanced the release of TOC, TN, Cr and Cu from the sediment. The microbial richness in the examined sediment decreased continuously, and the Chao1 index declined from 4241 to 2731, in 150 days. The microbial community composition was also changed. The abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes increased to 54.8% and 4.2% within 7 days compared to the control, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) showed gram-negative bacteria and aerobic bacteria enriched after chlorination. The functional prediction with PICRUSt2 showed the functions of the microbial community underwent major adjustments, and the metabolic-related functions such as carbon metabolism, including pyruvate and methane metabolisms were significantly inhibited; besides, 15 out of 22 analyzed key enzymes involved in C cycling and 6 out of 12 key enzymes or genes involved in N cycling were strongly impacted, and the enzymes and genes involved in carbon degradation and denitrification showed remarkable downregulation. It can be concluded that chlorination posed a seriously adverse effect on microbial community structure and function. This study deepens the understanding of the ecological effects of applying chlorine for environmental remediation.     

省会城市不同功能区大气PM2.5化学组分季节变化及来源分析

为探究城市不同功能区大气PM_2.5污染水平、成分季节差异特征以及来源,采集了省会城市济南市2019年不同季节（春、秋、冬）3类典型功能区（城市市区、工业区、城乡结合区）和环境背景点植物园区的PM_2.5样品,对其浓度[ρ(PM_2.5)]、化学组分（水溶性离子、碳质组分、元素）和来源进行分析.结果表明采样期间3类功能区ρ(PM_2.5)在空间上呈现：工业区[（89.88±49.25）μg·m^-3]>城乡结合区[（86.73±57.24）μg·m^-3]>城市市区[（70.70±44.89）μg·m^-3],远大于植物园区[（44.36±21.54）μg·m^-3].各功能区ρ(PM_2.5)秋冬季明显高于春季,冬季最高值出现在城乡结合区,春季和秋季均为工业区最高.工业区各季PM_2.5中的水溶性离子浓度较高,主要的水溶性离子NO^-₃     

Influence of Landscape Elements in Riparian Buffers on the Conservation of Semiaquatic Amphibians

Abstract:  Studies on riparian buffers have usually focused on the amount of land needed as habitat for the terrestrial life stages of semiaquatic species. Nevertheless, the landscape surrounding wetlands is also important for other key processes, such as dispersal and the dynamics of metapopulations. Multiple elements that influence these processes should therefore be considered in the delineation of buffers. We analyzed landscape elements (forest cover, density of roads, and hydrographic network) in concentric buffers to evaluate the scale at which they influence stream amphibians in 77 distinct landscapes. To evaluate whether our results could be generalized to other contexts, we determined whether they were consistent across the study areas. Amphibians required buffers of 100–400 m of suitable terrestrial habitat, but interspecific differences in the amount of habitat were large. The presence of amphibians was related to roads and the hydrographic network at larger spatial scales (300–1500 m), which suggests that wider buffers are needed with these elements. This pattern probably arose because these elements influence dispersal and metapopulation persistence, processes that occur at large spatial scales. Furthermore, in some cases, analyses performed on different sets of landscapes provided different results, which suggests caution should be used when conservation recommendations are applied to disparate areas. Establishment of riparian buffers should not be focused only on riparian habitat, but should take a landscape perspective because semiaquatic species use multiple elements for different functions. This approach can be complex because different landscape elements require different spatial extents. Nevertheless, a shift of attention toward the management of different elements at multiple spatial scales is necessary for the long-term persistence of populations.     

三江平原小叶章湿地土壤硫的组成与垂直分布

以三江平原小叶章湿地为对象,对比研究了典型草甸小叶章湿地和沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地土壤硫的组成与垂直分布特征.结果表明,在2种小叶章湿地类型中,土壤总硫含量分别为303.39～520.83和303.74～1 219.81 mg·kg-1,平均值为391.62和513.03 mg·kg-1,均低于世界平均土壤硫含量(700 mg·kg-1).硫主要富集在土壤表层,且主要以有机硫形式存在,有机硫占总硫比例约为90%,而在有机硫中,则以碳键硫所占比例最大,占总硫比例分别为45.34%和37.24%.沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地土壤各形态硫含量及其变异性均高于典型草甸小叶章湿地.在2种湿地土壤中各形态硫都具有明显的垂直分布特征和变异性.土壤有机质含量是影响硫含量的重要因素,同时也受到土壤各粒级含量的影响,并且土壤各形态硫含量之间存在一定的相关关系.     

Specific Features of the Dynamics of Murine Rodent Communities under the Effects of Urbanization: 1. Dynamics of Species Composition and Abundance

The long-term population dynamics of rodent communities in park forests of Yekaterinburg was studied. The results showed that deep population depressions occurring in natural communities are not characteristic of the urban communities. In the urban environment, the density of rodents is always maintained at a relatively high level due to the appearance of species that are atypical for the natural communities. This fact deserves attention in view of the increasing risk of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in the region, as a high rodent abundance may provide for the maintenance of a stable TBE focus in the city.     

衡阳大气硫同位素组成环境意义的研究

1996-1997年度衡阳大气硫同位素监测结果是:大气降水δ(34S)均值为6.12‰,大气二氧化硫δ(34S)均值为-3.48‰,大气气溶胶δ(34S)均值为10.73‰.数值体系较好地符合硫同位素分馏规律,研究认为,该地大气环境受西南气流影响甚微,北方南下气流进一步推断为作用该地大气硫的主因;生物硫源对降水硫影响不容忽视;衡阳与珠江三角洲及粤北城市硫同位素监测结果均不支持降水硫同位素区域分异学说.      

青岛沿海地区大气气溶胶浓度与主要无机化学组成

从 1997-09～1998-11期间 ,5次监测大气气溶胶 ,获得了青岛沿海地区气溶胶 (TSP、PM₁₀ 、PM_2.5)的质量浓度 .气溶胶中直径 <2.5μm的细粒子质量浓度约占TSP总浓度的 50% ;<10μm的粒子的质量浓度则占TSP总浓度的 75% .对气溶胶中主要可溶性离子组分的分析表明 :TSP中可溶性离子的质量浓度占总质量浓度的40%以上 .其中主要可溶性离子为SO^2-₄、NO^-₃ 、NH⁺₄ .这 3个离子的质量浓度约占可溶性离子总浓度的 70% ,而且主要存在于细粒子中 ,表明其主要来自二次气溶胶 .冬季气溶胶浓度大大高于其它季节 .     

气溶胶和餐厅烟尘中有机氯农药特征与来源

使用GCIECD（气相色谱／电子捕获检测器）及毛细色谱柱定量分析粤港地区气溶胶和餐厅烟尘中有机氯农药的组成和分布特征,并分析其主要来源研究表明,从研究区大气环境中的气溶胶样品及餐厅烟尘颗粒物中,检出12种有机氯农药．其中6种DDT（滴滴涕）及其代谢物,3种BHC（六六六）和其它3种含氯农药,浓度范围在0.20～60.78pg/m³．靠近农田和果园的气溶胶及餐厅烟尘颗粒物中4,4'－DDT和2,4'－DDT浓度较高,说明大气环境中的DDT不仅来源于农药施撒过程和农田表层土壤,而且还来源于动物脂肪高温裂解的释放。     

Analysis and decomposition of condensed tannins in tree leaves

The decomposition of leaf litter is controlled by several factors. One factor that may play an important role is the content of condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins). Here we designed a combined method to isolate proanthocyanidins from leaf extracts, to convert them to anthocyanidins, and to quantify individual anthocyanidins exactly with a new, simple, but sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method. We used this method to show composition of proanthocyanidins and to monitor degradation of proanthocyanidins and individual constituents in leaf litter in an aquatic environment over time. Despite the rapid decrease in the initial concentrations, a fraction of the proanthocyanidins remained detectable for several weeks.     

乳化液膜法提取活性艳蓝KN-R工艺研究

利用表面活性剂TH-1、民用煤油、载体N235和内水相NaOH溶液组成的液膜体系,采用正交试验法,对提取活性艳蓝KN-R工艺进行了研究。结果表明:以5%TH-1,5%N235,10%NaOH,油内比Roi为1∶1.5的乳状液膜体系,处理初始浓度为6000mg/L活性艳蓝KN-R废水,在pH值为1,传质温度为25℃,乳水比Rew为1∶5的传质条件下,提取率可达94.8%。