Influence of Landscape Elements in Riparian Buffers on the Conservation of Semiaquatic Amphibians

Abstract:  Studies on riparian buffers have usually focused on the amount of land needed as habitat for the terrestrial life stages of semiaquatic species. Nevertheless, the landscape surrounding wetlands is also important for other key processes, such as dispersal and the dynamics of metapopulations. Multiple elements that influence these processes should therefore be considered in the delineation of buffers. We analyzed landscape elements (forest cover, density of roads, and hydrographic network) in concentric buffers to evaluate the scale at which they influence stream amphibians in 77 distinct landscapes. To evaluate whether our results could be generalized to other contexts, we determined whether they were consistent across the study areas. Amphibians required buffers of 100–400 m of suitable terrestrial habitat, but interspecific differences in the amount of habitat were large. The presence of amphibians was related to roads and the hydrographic network at larger spatial scales (300–1500 m), which suggests that wider buffers are needed with these elements. This pattern probably arose because these elements influence dispersal and metapopulation persistence, processes that occur at large spatial scales. Furthermore, in some cases, analyses performed on different sets of landscapes provided different results, which suggests caution should be used when conservation recommendations are applied to disparate areas. Establishment of riparian buffers should not be focused only on riparian habitat, but should take a landscape perspective because semiaquatic species use multiple elements for different functions. This approach can be complex because different landscape elements require different spatial extents. Nevertheless, a shift of attention toward the management of different elements at multiple spatial scales is necessary for the long-term persistence of populations.     

三江平原小叶章湿地土壤硫的组成与垂直分布

以三江平原小叶章湿地为对象,对比研究了典型草甸小叶章湿地和沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地土壤硫的组成与垂直分布特征.结果表明,在2种小叶章湿地类型中,土壤总硫含量分别为303.39～520.83和303.74～1 219.81 mg·kg-1,平均值为391.62和513.03 mg·kg-1,均低于世界平均土壤硫含量(700 mg·kg-1).硫主要富集在土壤表层,且主要以有机硫形式存在,有机硫占总硫比例约为90%,而在有机硫中,则以碳键硫所占比例最大,占总硫比例分别为45.34%和37.24%.沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地土壤各形态硫含量及其变异性均高于典型草甸小叶章湿地.在2种湿地土壤中各形态硫都具有明显的垂直分布特征和变异性.土壤有机质含量是影响硫含量的重要因素,同时也受到土壤各粒级含量的影响,并且土壤各形态硫含量之间存在一定的相关关系.     

Specific Features of the Dynamics of Murine Rodent Communities under the Effects of Urbanization: 1. Dynamics of Species Composition and Abundance

The long-term population dynamics of rodent communities in park forests of Yekaterinburg was studied. The results showed that deep population depressions occurring in natural communities are not characteristic of the urban communities. In the urban environment, the density of rodents is always maintained at a relatively high level due to the appearance of species that are atypical for the natural communities. This fact deserves attention in view of the increasing risk of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in the region, as a high rodent abundance may provide for the maintenance of a stable TBE focus in the city.     

衡阳大气硫同位素组成环境意义的研究

1996-1997年度衡阳大气硫同位素监测结果是:大气降水δ(34S)均值为6.12‰,大气二氧化硫δ(34S)均值为-3.48‰,大气气溶胶δ(34S)均值为10.73‰.数值体系较好地符合硫同位素分馏规律,研究认为,该地大气环境受西南气流影响甚微,北方南下气流进一步推断为作用该地大气硫的主因;生物硫源对降水硫影响不容忽视;衡阳与珠江三角洲及粤北城市硫同位素监测结果均不支持降水硫同位素区域分异学说.      

青岛沿海地区大气气溶胶浓度与主要无机化学组成

从 1997-09～1998-11期间 ,5次监测大气气溶胶 ,获得了青岛沿海地区气溶胶 (TSP、PM₁₀ 、PM_2.5)的质量浓度 .气溶胶中直径 <2.5μm的细粒子质量浓度约占TSP总浓度的 50% ;<10μm的粒子的质量浓度则占TSP总浓度的 75% .对气溶胶中主要可溶性离子组分的分析表明 :TSP中可溶性离子的质量浓度占总质量浓度的40%以上 .其中主要可溶性离子为SO^2-₄、NO^-₃ 、NH⁺₄ .这 3个离子的质量浓度约占可溶性离子总浓度的 70% ,而且主要存在于细粒子中 ,表明其主要来自二次气溶胶 .冬季气溶胶浓度大大高于其它季节 .     

气溶胶和餐厅烟尘中有机氯农药特征与来源

使用GCIECD（气相色谱／电子捕获检测器）及毛细色谱柱定量分析粤港地区气溶胶和餐厅烟尘中有机氯农药的组成和分布特征,并分析其主要来源研究表明,从研究区大气环境中的气溶胶样品及餐厅烟尘颗粒物中,检出12种有机氯农药．其中6种DDT（滴滴涕）及其代谢物,3种BHC（六六六）和其它3种含氯农药,浓度范围在0.20～60.78pg/m³．靠近农田和果园的气溶胶及餐厅烟尘颗粒物中4,4'－DDT和2,4'－DDT浓度较高,说明大气环境中的DDT不仅来源于农药施撒过程和农田表层土壤,而且还来源于动物脂肪高温裂解的释放。     

Analysis and decomposition of condensed tannins in tree leaves

The decomposition of leaf litter is controlled by several factors. One factor that may play an important role is the content of condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins). Here we designed a combined method to isolate proanthocyanidins from leaf extracts, to convert them to anthocyanidins, and to quantify individual anthocyanidins exactly with a new, simple, but sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method. We used this method to show composition of proanthocyanidins and to monitor degradation of proanthocyanidins and individual constituents in leaf litter in an aquatic environment over time. Despite the rapid decrease in the initial concentrations, a fraction of the proanthocyanidins remained detectable for several weeks.     

乳化液膜法提取活性艳蓝KN-R工艺研究

利用表面活性剂TH-1、民用煤油、载体N235和内水相NaOH溶液组成的液膜体系,采用正交试验法,对提取活性艳蓝KN-R工艺进行了研究。结果表明:以5%TH-1,5%N235,10%NaOH,油内比Roi为1∶1.5的乳状液膜体系,处理初始浓度为6000mg/L活性艳蓝KN-R废水,在pH值为1,传质温度为25℃,乳水比Rew为1∶5的传质条件下,提取率可达94.8%。     

2001～2003年间北京大气降水的化学特征

为了了解北京大气降水的化学组成与时间变化特征,连续进行了2年的降雨采样与分析.在65个降雨样品中,12%的降水呈酸性;全年降水的酸度主要取决于夏季的降水.SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺与Ca²⁺是含量最丰富的组分,其平均浓度均接近或超过200礶q/L.比较分析表明,在近几年,SO₄^2-对降水酸度的贡献显著降低,降水的硫污染特征减弱,而No₃^-的贡献显著增加.人为污染元素和地壳元素的浓度均在冬春季较高,在夏季最低.     

华南地区酸沉降的硫同位素组成及其环境意义

为探讨华南珠江三角洲和湘桂走廊及其周边地区的酸沉降硫源,分别对大气降水、大气SO₂、气溶胶和工业用煤、重油及其燃烧产物进行了硫同位素组成测定.研究结果表明,珠江三角洲和湘桂走廊地区的大气降水硫同位素组成有明显的差异,其大气降水δ³⁴S值的变化范围分别为1.9‰～10.3‰和-4.8‰～-0.1‰.湘桂走廊地区大气降水明显的富集轻硫同位素(32S),而珠江三角洲地区则富集重硫同位素(34S).在煤、重油燃烧过程中硫同位素分馏效应研究基础上,将该地区酸雨硫源区分为4种类型,即人为成因硫、天然生物硫、海雾硫和远距离传输硫.在定量计算不同硫源对酸雨贡献的基础上.提出人为成因硫是珠江三角洲和湘桂走廊地区最强的污染硫源,而生物硫在夏季贡献突出,其贡献率分别为47%和52%.传输硫在冬季贡献率可达49%.上述结果,对研究治理华南地区的酸雨具有重要意义.