CO2资源化利用的现状及前景

介绍了CO2分离捕集最新工艺——电化学法、膜法、化学循环燃烧法的研究进展。评述分析了CO2的各种资源化应用前景：CO2气体用作生物碳源、辅助注射成型剂及有机物（如氨基甲酸酯、表面活性剂）合成原料等;液态CO2用于人造金刚石、热泵干燥、超临界CO2萃取及固体干冰冷喷射清洗等。CO2作为一种潜在的丰富碳源,应不断研发其新的应用领域,加快其工业化应用。     

污染物零排放的化石燃料燃烧系统

介绍了熔融盐循环热载体无烟燃烧技术(nonflame combustion technology usingthermal cyclic carrier of molten salt,简称NFCT).利用沉淀法制备了Fe2O3粉末,并通过机械法加工成氧载体.XRD分析表明所制备的Fe2O3粉末为单一的α-Fe2O3相在固定床反应器中表征了氧载体得失晶格氧的过程,随循环次数的增多,氧载体被CH4还原的速率会有所增加,氧载体在CH4和空气气氛中得失晶格氧是可逆过程,反应后,氧载体内部形成了蜂窝状结构.氧载体的转化度最大为82%,占氧载体总质量18%的晶格氧可以用来氧化CH4.在熔融盐反应器中用CH4作为燃料和所制备的氧载体进行了燃料燃烧和氧载体复原的实验研究在燃料燃烧反应的开始阶段,CH4大部分被氧化成了CO2,CO2的体积分数最高可以达到85%,随着反应时间的增加,氧载体的氧化能力下降,不完全氧化产物CO和未反应的CH4的体积分数逐渐升高,3000s时,CO2的体积分数只有50%在氧载体恢复晶格氧的过程中,在1500s以前,空气中的O2都被氧载体所吸收,1500s以后,该过程排出气体中的O2体积分数开始上升,至2000s气体成分与空气的成分相同.在实验中没有检测出NOx的生成.     

燃烧过程颗粒物的形成及我国燃烧源分析

燃料燃烧会排放一次颗粒物和二次颗粒物,一次颗粒物中亚微米粒子主要是由于无机矿物质经蒸发-成核-凝结-凝并的途径形成的;超微米颗粒的产生不同于亚微米颗粒的形成,是由于破碎机理.二次颗粒物是由气态前驱体在大气中转化而成的.我国燃烧源主要是煤燃烧、燃油机动车和农村生活燃料等.深入认识颗粒物的形成及燃烧源的特征对有效控制颗粒物的排放是很有帮助的.     

典型木材燃料层流扩散火焰碳黑生成特性研究

为了对木材燃料层流扩散火焰碳黑生成特性进行研究,搭建了基于消光法原理的轴对称层流火焰碳黑浓度测量平台,选用马尾松针、柚木以及红橡木三种典型木材燃料粉碎成针状试样,并堆成直径3.5 cm堆垛,利用酒精引燃后可获得稳定的层流扩散火焰,同时通过电热丝辅助加热延长稳定燃烧。通过对三种典型木材燃料层流燃烧过程的质量损失和火焰碳黑浓度的测量和对比分析,结果显示三种燃料中马尾松针碳黑生成能力最大,这说明木材的碳黑生成能力可能与其碳元素和氧元素的含量有关。     

泥炭保护紫花苜蓿根系对柴油污染土壤修复的研究

采用盆栽试验,观察了泥炭保护根系移栽和直播2种栽培方式处理的紫花苜蓿在柴油污染土壤中的生长情况及其对土壤中柴油污染物的去除情况,探讨了利用泥炭保护根系措施清除土壤柴油污染物的可行性.结果表明,泥炭保护根系处理有利于紫花营蓿根系形态发育,能促进根系细菌和真菌的繁殖,并显著提高根区土壤柴油降解率.     

汽油机冷启动时燃油蒸发多参数影响研究

采用CFD商用软件STAR-CD对汽油机冷启动过程中燃油蒸发进行三维数值模拟,研究了油滴初直径、油滴初速度、进气温度、燃油温度、喷射定时和转速对燃油蒸发率的影响规律.计算结果表明,进气温度、燃油温度和转速对燃油蒸发有重要影响.进气门开时,在进气温度为-7℃和90℃时,蒸发率分别为5.7%和25.0%;相应地,在燃油温度为0℃和60℃时,燃油蒸发率分别为5.7%和22.0%.油滴初直径和喷射定时对燃油蒸发率有一定影响,油滴初速度对燃油蒸发率影响很小.     

凝胶模板燃烧法制备纳米ZnO及其光催化性能

以硝酸锌为原料,明胶为模板分散剂,采用凝胶模板燃烧法制备纳米ZnO.利用TG-DTA,FT-IR,XRD,TEM和HPLC等手段对制备过程、样品的结构和性能进行了研究,探讨燃料及氧化剂的比例以及热处理温度的变化对产物粒径和光催化活性的影响.结果表明:产物粒子形状为球形,属六方晶系结构且无杂相.以染料罗丹明B溶液为目标降解物,1h的降解率为99.9%,最佳光催化剂的合成条件为:燃料与氧化剂的比例为0.84,400℃热处理3h.     

液液萃取-气相色谱/串联质谱法测定水中五氯酚及其钠盐

采用液液萃取处理水样,用气相色谱-串联质谱法测定样品中五氯酚及其钠盐,通过优化测定条件,使方法在1.00μg/L～500μg/L范围内线性良好.检出限和定量限分别为1.00μg/L和5.00μg/L,空白水样五氯酚钠3个质量浓度水平的加标回收率为89.8％～98.4％,5次平行试验测定结果的RSD为5.5％～10.7％...     

A real-time simulating non-isothermal mathematical model for the passive feed direct methanol fuel cell

In order to understand the complex transport phenomena in a passive direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), a theoretical model is essential. The analytical model provides a computationally efficient framework with a clear physical meaning. For this, a non-isothermal, analytical model for the passive DMFC has been developed in this study. The model considers the coupled heat and mass transport along with electrochemical reactions. The model is successfully validated with the experimental data. The model accurately describes the various species transport phenomena including methanol crossover and water crossover, heat transport phenomena, and efficiencies related to the passive DMFC. It suggests that the maximum real efficiency can be achieved by running the cell at low methanol feed concentration and moderate current density. The model also accurately predicts the effect of various operating and geometrical parameters on the cell performance such as methanol feed concentration, surrounding temperature, and polymer electrolyte membrane thickness. The model predictions are in accordance with the findings of the other researchers. The model is rapidly implementable and can be used in real-time simulation and control of the passive DMFC. This comprehensive model can be used for diagnostic purpose as well.     

Characterization of coffee residues pellets and their performance in a residential combustor

Spent coffee grounds (SCG) and coffee husks (CH) were evaluated as biofuels, after densification, for energy production. CH represent a specific problem for the coffee industry due to a low calorific value, high ash content, and a very low bulk density. Hence, the energetic potential of SCG (95 wt%)/CH (5 wt%) blend and pure SCG (100%) were examined. The blend of SCG and CH was limited to 5 wt% of CH because of the low bulk density of CH. Therefore, physicochemical and energetic characterizations of the produced pellets were performed. Thermogravimetric analyses were performed under nitrogen and air atmospheres to evaluate the CH behavior in the blend. Characterization study shows that both produced pellets could reach the French Agropellets standard (AQI). Thermal degradation showed that the mean reactivity of the SCG/HC pellets was higher than pure SCG. Then, combustion experiments were performed in a domestic combustor, after modification of the boiler power in order to improve its energetic performances. The presence of CH led to a rise of CO, NOx, VOC’s, and particle emissions. Nevertheless, the performances of the biofuels are almost in agreement the NF EN 12809 standard.