固相萃取-高效液相色谱-质谱联用法用于地表水中类固醇激素测定

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱-质谱联用法对雌三醇、氟哌噻吨、炔雌醇、雄烯二酮、雌二醇、雌酚酮、睾酮共7种类固醇激素的检测方法。样品经C18萃取小柱富集净化,采用内标法定量时,方法的检出限为0.66～1.95 ng/L,R0.998,回收率为78.5%～94.6%,相对标准偏差为1.1%～7.7%。采用该方法对上海市地表水进行测定,在2个采样点中检出雌酚酮(1.88 ng/L)和雄烯二酮(1.48 ng/L)。     

厨余垃圾-蔬菜废物协同生产液肥项目技术经济分析

厨余垃圾-蔬菜废物协同生产液肥项目,需要建立科学、高效的运行管理机制和投入产出机制,以提高其经济效益。系统研究银川市某液肥项目的设备投资和运行费用等情况,目前该项目处理规模约为10.6 t/d,运行负荷率为35.3%,导致处理成本高达337.9元/t。因此,提高运行负荷率,是降低处理成本的关键。     

连续周年轮作休耕对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳的影响

为探究连续周年轮作休耕对红壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量的影响,以坡耕地红壤为研究对象,采用湿筛法和重铬酸钾-浓硫酸外加热法分别测定水稳性团聚体和有机碳含量,分析了2020~2022年玉米-苕子-玉米轮作（M-V-M）、玉米-豌豆-玉米轮作（M-P-M）、玉米-冬闲-玉米（M-F-M）和周年休耕（F-F-F）这4个处理下土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量变化特征以及两者间的相互关系.结果表明,在2021年和2022年中,F-F-F、M-V-M和M-P-M处理的> 2 mm团聚体含量较M-F-M分别显著提高了67.01%~100.92%、29.71%~33.67%和29.68%~38.07%;2021年和2022年中F-F-F、M-V-M的团聚体稳定性参数显著高于M-F-M（P < 0.05）.M-V-M处理下的> 2 mm团聚体含量、GMD（几何平均直径）和MWD（平均重量直径）及F-F-F处理的R_0.25（ > 0.25 mm团聚体含量）、MWD和> 2 mm团聚体含量随着轮作休耕年限的延长而增加,而F-F-F处理下1~2 mm和< 0.25 mm团聚体含量随着休耕年限的增加而降低.绿肥轮作和休耕处理均能够提高SOC含量,且F-F-F和M-V-M处理的SOC含量随年限的延长而增加.相关性分析表明,所有处理下SOC含量与R_0.25呈极显著正相关,与GMD呈显著正相关;F-F-F处理下的R_0.25和GMD及M-V-M处理下的GMD和MWD均与SOC含量显著正相关.结果表明,连续周年轮作休耕有利于提高土壤大团聚体含量、团聚体稳定性和SOC含量,可为我国南方坡耕地红壤区推行合理的连续周年轮作休耕模式和水土流失防治提供理论依据.     

Dynamics of Organic Carbon and Microbial Biomass in Alluvial Soil With Tillage and Amendments in Rice-wheat Systems

Rice-wheat cropping systems of the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) occupying 12 million ha of productive land are important for the food security of South Asia. There are, however, concerns that yield and factor productivity trends in these systems are declining/stagnating in recent years. Decrease in soil organic carbon is often suggested as a reason for such trends. A field experiment was conducted to study the soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) dynamics in the rice-wheat systems. Use of organic amendments and puddling of soil before rice transplanting increased SOC and MBC contents. Microbial biomass carbon showed a seasonal pattern. It was low initially, reached its peak during the flowering stages in both rice and wheat and declined thereafter. Microbial biomass carbon was linearly related to SOC in both rice and wheat indicating that SOC could be used as a proxy for MBC.     

Effects of cattle manure on erosion rates and runoff water pollution by faecal coliforms

The large quantities of slurry and manure that are produced annually in many areas in which cattle are raised could be an important source of organic matter and nutrients for agriculture. However, the benefits of waste recycling may be partially offset by the risk of water pollution associated with runoff from the fields to which slurry or manure has been applied. In this paper, the effects of cattle manure application on soil erosion rates and runoff and on surface water pollution by faecal coliforms are analysed. Rainfall simulations at a rate of 70 mm h(-1) were conducted in a sandy loam soil packed into soil flumes (2.5m long x 1m wide) at a bulk density of 1400 kg m(-3), with and without cattle slurry manure applied on the surface. For each simulation, sediment and runoff rates were analysed and in those simulations with applied slurry, presumptive faecal coliform (PFC) concentrations in the runoff were evaluated. The application of slurry on the soil surface appeared to have a protective effect on the soils, reducing soil detachment by up to 70% but increasing runoff volume by up to 30%. This practice implies an important source of pollution for surface waters especially if rainfall takes place within a short period after application. The concentrations of micro-organisms (presumptive faecal coliforms (PFCs)) found in water runoff ranged from 1.9 x 10(4) to 1.1 x 10(6) PFC 100mL(-1), depending on the initial concentration in the slurry, and they were particularly high during the first phases of the rainfall event. The result indicates a strong relationship between the faecal coliforms transported by runoff and the organic matter in the sediment.     

液/液界面电化学法在环境监测中的应用进展

介绍了液／液界面电化学的原理、实验方法和研究进展,综述了液／液界面离子转移反应基础上的电化学分析方法在环境监测中的应用。作为一种新方法测定离子载体及能与其形成络合物的金属离子组分的浓度,它具有简便、快捷、经济实用等特点。     

多户型热量表的研制

本文论述了热量测量原理,多户型热量表的软件、硬件设计思想和方法。建立了温度传感器、流量传感器的数学模型。经过在实验小区的试运行,证明其省电节能,管理方便,测量准确。     

SPRING RUNOFF AND DRAINAGE N AND P LOSSES FROM HOG-MANURED CORN1

ABSTRACT: A two-year study was conducted to assess the effect of hog manure on the losses of nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff and drainage from grain-corn (Zea mays L.) plots, and the importance of spring versus annual loads. Treatments consisted of mineral N-P-K fertilizer applied at rates of 152 kg N ha^-1, 35 kg P ha^-1, and 86 kg K ha^-1; and hog (Sus scrofa domestica L.) manure applied preplant or post-emergence (six-to-eight leaf stage), at 152 kg N ha^-1, 39 kg P ha^-1, and 112 kg K ha^-1. The plots were rototilled (7 cm depth) in spring to incorporate fertilizer and preplant hog manure, and fall chisel-plowed (15 cm depth) to incorporate chopped corn residues. They were arranged in a completely randomized plot design. Flow volumes and nutrient levels in runoff and drainage waters were monitored year round but occurred mainly during the snowmelt (March 25-April 9), and post.snowmelt (April 10-May 13) periods. Of the total amount of water lost during snowmelt, 90 percent was in runoff, while 92 percent occurred as drainage in the post-snowmelt period. Sixty-five percent of the total annual volume of water lost was lost during these two periods as runoff and drainage. Treatments did not affect the annual snowmelt or post-snowmelt N and P loads. Total annual loads averaged 8.0 kg TKN ha^-1, 1.8 kg NH₄-N ha^-1, 43 kg NO₃-N ha^-1, 0.4 kg TP ha^-1, and 0.15 kg PO₄-P ha^-1. Spring (snowmelt and ost-snowmelt) runoff and drainage loads averaged 2.9 kg TKN ha^-1, 1.2 kg NH₄-N ha^-1, 18 kg NO₃-N ha^-1, 0.25 kg TP ha^-1, and 0.04 kg PO₄-P ha^-1, which were 40 percent to 70 percent of the yearly nutrient loads. Therefore, the hog manure management systems examined were of no greater threat to the environment than mineral fertilizers. However, spring N and P losses do represent an important part of the annual nutrient loss budget, even with conservation practices.     

FECAL COLIFORM AND STREPTOCOCCUS CONCENTRATIONS IN RUNOFF FROM GRAZED PASTURES IN NORTHWEST ARKANSAS1

ABSTRACT: Agricultural practices such as cattle grazing and animal manure application can contribute to relatively high runoff concentrations of fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococcus (FS). Available information, however, is inconsistent with respect to the effects of such practices as well as to measures that can discriminate among candidate sources of FC and FS. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of grazing, time of year, and runoff amounts on FC and FS concentrations and to evaluate whether FCIFS concentration ratios are consistent with earlier values reported as characteristic of animal sources. Runoff from four Northwest Arkansas fields was sampled and analyzed for fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococcus (FS) for nearly three years (1991–1994). Each field was grazed and fertilized, with two fields receiving inorganic fertilizer and two receiving animal manure. Runoff amount had no effect on runoff concentrations of FC or FS. There were no consistent relationships between the presence of cattle and FC and FS runoff concentrations. Both FC and FS concentrations were affected by the season during which the runoff occurred. Higher concentrations were observed during warmer months. Runoff FC concentrations exceeded the primary contact standard of 200 cfu/100 mL during at least 89 percent of all runoff events and the secondary contact standard of 1000 cfu/100 mL during at least 70 percent of the events. Ratios of FC to FS concentrations varied widely (from near zero to more than 100), confirming earlier findings that FC/FS ratios are not a reliable indicator of the source of FC and FS.     

鸡粪中高温厌氧甲烷发酵产气潜能与动力学特性

采用富含氮素的鸡粪为原料,包括原料鸡粪、鸡粪固相部分和鸡粪液相部分,选取以鸡粪为原料连续稳定运行超过90d的中高温厌氧反应器新鲜出料为接种污泥,在中温（35℃）和高温（55℃）条件下开展动力学和产甲烷潜能试验.采用Gompertz模型、一级动力学模型和两阶段模型对鸡粪中高温累积产甲烷量进行拟合.结果表明,鸡粪中高温甲烷发酵均呈现明显的快速产气期和慢速产气期两阶段特征,快速产气期的动力学常数K₁分别为0.4174和0.2104d^-1,快速产气分别在4.5和6.5d结束,快速产气量占到总产气量的69%和58%.原料鸡粪和液相部分的中温发酵动力学常数（K₁）分别为0.4177和0.2330d^-1,均高于高温的0.1721,0.2214d^-1,发酵产气速率较快.鸡粪固相部分中温发酵的动力学常数为0.1960d^-1,低于液相中温发酵的0.2330d^-1和固相高温的0.2310d^-1,中温条件下,水解过程是限制鸡粪甲烷发酵速率的主要因素之一.鸡粪固体和鸡粪液体高温发酵的动力学常数K分别为0.2310,0.22214d^-1,鸡粪固体发酵产甲烷的速率快于液相部分,水解过程不是限制鸡粪高温发酵产甲烷速率的最主要因素.产甲烷潜能试验表明鸡粪在中温和高温下产甲烷潜能分别为212,177mL/gTS.因此,仅从发酵效率的角度考虑,鸡粪中温发酵比高温发酵的产甲烷潜能更高,产甲烷速率更快.