Investigation of physico-chemical properties and microbial community during poultry manure co-composting process

Co-composting of poultry manure and rubber wood sawdust was performed with the ratio of 2:1(V/V) for a period of 60 days. An investigation was carried out to study the extracellular enzymatic activities and structural degradation utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis(TG/DTA)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The microbial succession was also determined by using denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis(DGGE). The compost was able to reach its highest temperature of 71°C at day 3 and stabilized between 30 and 40°C for 8 weeks.CMCase, FPase and β-glucosidase acted synergistically in order to degrade the cellulosic substrate. The xylanase activities increased gradually during the composting and reached the peak value of 11.637 U/g on day 35, followed by a sharp decline. Both Li P and Mn P activities reached their peak values on day 35 with 0.431 and 0.132 U/g respectively. The FT-IR spectra revealed an increase in aromaticity and a decrease in aliphatic compounds such as carbohydrates as decomposition proceeded. TGA/DTG data exhibited significant changes in weight loss in compost samples, indicating degradation of organic matter. SEM micrographs showed higher amounts of parenchyma exposed on the surface of rubber wood sawdust at day 60, showing significant degradation. DGGE and 16 S r DNA analyses showed that Burkholderia sp., Pandoraea sp., and Pseudomonas sp. were present throughout the composting process. Ornithinibacillus sp. and Castellaniella ginsengisoli were only found in the initial stage of the composting, while different strains of Burkholderia sp. also occurred in the later stage of composting.     

Excretion of manure-borne estrogens and androgens and their potential risk estimation in the Yangtze River Basin

The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, and the river basin spans one fifth of the area of the whole country. Based on statistical data, the excretion of manure-borne steroid hormones, including steroid estrogens(SEs) and steroid androgens(SAs), in 10 provinces of China within the region has been estimated. The potential environmental and ecological risk of manure-borne steroid estrogens to the surface water in this region was also assessed. The manure-borne SE and SA excretions in the 10 provinces and municipalities vary in the order: Sichuan Hunan Hubei Yunnan Jiangsu Anhui Jiangxi Chongqing Qinghai Shanghai. The highest increase of manure-borne SEs(1434.3 kg)and SAs(408.5 kg) was found in Hunan and Hubei provinces, respectively, and the total excretion in 2013 was 65% more than 15 years earlier in these two provinces. However, the emissions in Anhui and Shanghai decreased in this 15 year period of time. Swine urine,chicken feces, cattle urine, and laying hen feces were considered the dominant sources of manure-borne E1, βE2, αE2, and SAs, respectively. Although Jiangsu province did not have the largest excretion of manure-borne SEs, it had the highest level of predicted17β-estradiol equivalency(EEQs) value of 16.65 ng/L in surface water because of the limited surface water resources. According to the lowest observable effect level of 10 ng/L for17β-estradiol, the manure-borne SEs in Jiangsu province might potentially pose ecological risk to its wild aquatic organisms.     

Effect of particle size on CO adsorption and thermodynamic analysis

The liquid nitrogen adsorption method was used to characterize the pore structure of non-cohesive coal in the 061,404 working face of the Lingxin coal mine. The amount of specific surface area of micropores in the sample continuously rose as particle sizes reduced. The volumetric method was used to measure the CO isothermal adsorption curves of three samples (sample I, 0.425–0.25 mm, sample II, 0.18–0.25 mm, and sample III, 0.15–0.18 mm). The experimental results were fitted by the Langmuir model. According to the experimental results, it was conducive to CO adsorption with the conditions of high pressure and low-temperature. The decrease in grain diameter increased the number and volume of micropores in the sample, which improved the adsorption capacity of the sample. In addition, according to the adsorption data, the CO adsorption thermodynamics of three samples were analyzed, including surface potential (Ω), Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) and entropy change (ΔS). The results demonstrated that CO adsorption by coal was a spontaneous process. Sample III has the most substantial adsorption capacity, whereas the sample I has the weakest adsorption capacity.     

零价铁与磁铁矿促进半干式猪粪厌氧产甲烷的效能与机理研究

本实验探究了相同剂量（5 g·L^-1）的零价铁、磁铁矿和两者的混合物对半干式猪粪厌氧消化过程的影响,重点揭示了零价铁和磁铁矿对甲烷生产的协同促进效能与机理.结果表明,与无添加剂的对照组相比,零价铁、磁铁矿和混合添加剂分别使系统的甲烷产量提高了32.8%、21.8%和35.1%.与单独添加零价铁或磁铁矿相比,混合添加剂对产甲烷的提升效果更佳.零价铁与磁铁矿对厌氧消化的协同促进效应体现在以下4个方面：①能更好地维持低氢气分压环境,推动产甲烷种间电子传递;②可使反应器的总碱度维持在相对较高的水平,提高系统缓冲 能力;③能增加厌氧体系中溶解性铁离子浓度,进一步提高厌氧微生物的活性;④同时富集能够介导种间氢传递和种间直接电子传递的细菌和古菌,提高有机底物转化为甲烷的效率.     

不同施肥措施对热带地区稻菜轮作体系土壤CH4和N2O排放的影响

研究稻菜轮作模式下土壤甲烷（CH₄）和氧化亚氮（N₂ O）排放对不同施肥措施的响应,对补充我国热带地区CH₄和N₂ O排放研究的不足具有重要的指导意义.在辣椒季设置4种施肥处理：磷钾肥（PK）、氮磷钾肥（NPK）、等氮条件下50%有机肥替代化肥（NPK+M）和100%有机肥替代（M）,水稻种植季未设置施肥处理,研究辣椒季不同施肥条件下CH₄和N₂ O的排放规律以及对早稻生长季水稻产量、CH₄和N₂ O排放的后续影响.采用密闭静态箱-气相色谱法测定稻菜轮作土壤CH₄和N₂ O,同时测定作物产量,并估算全球增温潜势（GWP）和温室气体排放强度（GHGI）.结果表明：①辣椒季和早稻季4种施肥处理下土壤CH₄的累积排放量分别为0.9~2.7 kg ·hm^-2和5.5~8.4 kg ·hm^-2,与NPK处理相比,辣椒季NPK+M和M处理CH₄累积排放量分别减少35.3%和7.6%;而早稻季NPK+M和M处理CH₄累积排放量均增加37.5%和55.1%,其中早稻季M处理达到显著水平.②辣椒季和早稻季4种施肥处理下N₂ O的累积排放量分别为0.5~3.0 kg ·hm^-2和0.3~0.5 kg ·hm^-2,相对NPK处理,辣椒季NPK+M和M处理降低33.7%和16.0%的N₂ O累积排放量,其中NPK+M处理达到显著差异,早稻季NPK+M处理N₂ O累积排放量降低23.5%,M处理却增加9.1%,但均未达到显著水平.③ 4种施肥处理下辣椒和早稻的产量分别为3055.6~37722.5 kg ·hm^-2和5850.9~6994.4 kg ·hm^-2,与NPK处理相比,NPK+M和M处理显著增加辣椒产量.各施肥处理GWP为508.0~1864.4 kg ·hm^-2,NPK+M和M处理相对NPK处理分别下降25.7%和5.7%,其中NPK+M处理达到显著差异.辣椒季各处理的GWP对总GWP的贡献率为69.2%~78.1%,N₂ O对总GWP的贡献率为77.3%~85.3%.辣椒季和早稻季GHGI分别为0.03~0.09 kg ·kg^-1和0.04~0.24 kg ·kg^-1,与NPK处理相比,辣椒季M和NPK+M处理使GHGI显著下降71.5%和54.7%,早稻季NPK+M和M处理GHGI值分别下降44.0%和20.8%,其中NPK+M处理达到显著差异.综合作物产量及温室气体减排效果考虑,化肥和有机肥配施（NPK+M）可推荐为海南稻菜轮作模式下一种最优的减排稳产的施肥措施.     

Flame Propagation Across Gelled Alkane-In-Water Emulsions

Flame propagation rates were measured for flames spreading across surfaces of gel-like alkane-in-water emulsions. A long, slender, water-cooled trough was used to contain the mixtures. Abrupt changes in the flame propagation velocities - of nearly two orders of magnitude - were observed to occur near ‘critical’ concentrations of certain alkane/water mixtures. Four alkanes were used - pentane, hexane, heptane, and octane - and fuel rich emulsions (in which water was the continuous phase) were employed. The ability of the aqueous phase of the emulsion to inhibit the release of fuel into the vapor phase plays an important role in the observed behavior. That is, the rate at which fuel can diffuse through both the emulsion and the thin liquid layers that reside on it, is an essential kinetic aspect of the phenomena which determine the flame propagation rate across gelled alkane-in-water emulsions.     

热处理对猪粪高固厌氧消化产甲烷能力的影响

畜禽粪便属于有机物含量高、卫生风险大的污染物.本研究探寻不同热处理时间下,猪粪(含固率27.6%)不稀释直接进行70℃热处理的情况及热处理对中温高固厌氧消化的影响.结果表明,热处理能够去除猪粪的部分有机物,并能明显提高高固厌氧消化的产甲烷能力和产甲烷速率.热处理时间为1、2、3和4 d时,热处理对猪粪的VS去除率分别为15.1%、15.5%、17.8%、20.0%,甲烷产率(以CH4/VSadd计)分别为284.4、296.3、309.2、264.4 m L·g-1,相比原粪的甲烷产率分别提高49.7%、55.9%、62.7%、39.2%.热处理时间为3 d时,猪粪的甲烷产率最高.热处理对猪粪产甲烷的促进效果显著,能耗适中,并能够起到巴氏消毒的作用,具有较好的工程价值.     

氨精制产品质量影响因素及改进措施

阐述了浓氨水循环洗涤法脱硫工艺原理，原则流程，开工、运行过程中存在的问题及解决方案，影响液氨产品质量因素及采取的措施，以及对原林源石化公司含硫法水汽提-氨精制系统不足提出的改进建议。     

有机肥处理对旱地红壤细菌群落及玉米生产力的影响

为探明旱地红壤细菌群落特征及玉米生产力对不同有机肥处理的响应，基于自2002年设置在中国科学院鹰潭红壤生态实验站的有机培肥长期定位试验，采用Illumina高通量测序，研究不同有机肥（不施肥，M0；低量有机肥，M1；高量有机肥，M2；高量有机肥加石灰，M3）处理下土壤细菌群落多样性和结构以及玉米生产力的变化.结果发现，与M0相比，土壤pH、有机质（SOM）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）含量和玉米生产力在不同有机肥（M1、M2和M3）处理下均显著增加，其中M3处理的提升效果最佳.施用有机肥显著提高了土壤细菌群落的Shannon、Evenness、Chao1与ACE指数，重塑了细菌群落结构.基于随机森林模型分析，土壤性质中的pH和TP显著影响土壤细菌多样性，而pH、SOM、TP和TN对土壤细菌群落结构影响显著.相关性分析和结构方程模型分析表明，土壤TP和SOM可以通过改变土壤细菌多样性和群落组成间接影响玉米生产力.研究结果从指导我国南方红壤区农田合理施肥的角度，为农田土壤质量提高及耕地产能提升提供科学依据.     

蔬菜施不同肥料对产量和土壤肥力的贡献

为控制施肥对蔬菜和土壤的负面影响，充分利用施肥对土壤肥力的保护功能，探讨蔬菜合理的有机肥施用量，在不同质地土壤上，田间试验小白菜、苦瓜、豇豆三种蔬菜施不同量有机肥，收获时测定其产量、品质及试验前后的土壤有机质质量分数。结果表明，(1)在施适量无机NPK的条件下，每造蔬菜的有机肥(禽畜粪便，下同)施用量，砂土上小白菜为4500kg／hm^2、苦瓜和豇豆为3000kg/hm^2；在壤土上，小白菜和苦瓜均宜施3000kg/hm^2，豇豆则宜施4500kg／hm^2；在粘土上，小白菜每造只宜施1500～3000kg／hm^2的有机肥。(2)有机肥必须与无机肥合理配合施用，才能获得最佳的产量和品质效果。(3)施有机肥3000-4500kg/hm^2 适量无机肥可使土壤有机质水平保持在种植蔬菜前的质量分数水平，该施肥量和方式不仅可使蔬菜高产、优质，还有利于保护土壤肥力。(4)对蔬菜产量的贡献，有机肥和化肥配合施用的处理对蔬菜产量的贡献最大，来自土壤的效应由小到大依次为有机肥和化肥配合施用→化肥→有机肥，进一步反映合理施肥有利于保护土壤肥力。