The effects of seston food quality on planktonic food web patterns

In planktonic food webs, the conversion rate of plant material to herbivore biomass is determined by a variety of factors such as seston biochemical/elemental composition, phytoplankton cell morphology, and colony architecture. Despite the overwhelming heterogeneity characterizing the plant–animal interface, plankton population models usually misrepresent the food quality constraints imposed on zooplankton growth. In this study, we reformulate the zooplankton grazing term to include seston food quality effects on zooplankton assimilation efficiency and examine its ramifications on system stability. Using different phytoplankton parameterizations with regards to growth strategies, light requirements, sinking rates, and food quality, we examined the dynamics induced in planktonic systems under varying zooplankton mortality/fish predation, light conditions, nutrient availability, and detritus food quality levels. In general, our analysis suggests that high food quality tends to stabilize the planktonic systems, whereas unforced oscillations (limit cycles) emerge with lower seston food quality. For a given phytoplankton specification and resource availability, the amplitude of the plankton oscillations is primarily modulated from zooplankton mortality and secondarily from the nutritional quality of the alternative food source (i.e., detritus). When the phytoplankton community is parameterized as a cyanobacterium-like species, conditions of high nutrient availability combined with high zooplankton mortality led to phytoplankton biomass accumulation, whereas a diatom-like parameterization resulted in relatively low phytoplankton to zooplankton biomass ratios highlighting the notion that high phytoplankton food quality allows the zooplankton community to sustain relatively high biomass and to suppress phytoplankton biomass to low levels. During nutrient and light enrichment conditions, both phytoplankton and detritus food quality determine the extent of the limit cycle region, whereas high algal food quality increases system resilience by shifting the oscillatory region towards lower light attenuation levels. Detritus food quality seems to regulate the amplitude of the dynamic oscillations following enrichment, when algal food quality is low. These results highlight the profitability of the alternative food sources for the grazer as an important predictor for the dynamic behavior of primary producer–grazer interactions in nature.     

Role of predator switching in an eco-epidemiological model with disease in the prey

In the present paper we propose a modification of a basic eco-epidemiological model by incorporating predator switching among susceptible and infected prey population. A local and global study of the basic model is performed around the disease-free boundary equilibrium and the interior equilibrium to estimate important parameter thresholds that control disease eradication and species coexistence. Next we analyze the switching model from the same perspective in order to elucidate the role of switching on disease dynamics. Numerical simulations are carried out to justify analytical results.     

一体化膜生物反应器处理低C/N污水试验研究

研究一体化连续流间歇曝气膜生物反应器(IMBR)处理低C/N城市污水的工艺效能。试验结果表明:反应器在曝气2 h、搅拌2 h的运行模式下,对COD、NH4+-N、TN和SS的平均去除率分别达到了87%,83.4%,75.4%和97.81%,各出水质量浓度平均值分别为17.5,4.59,7.63和2 mg/L,出水水质达到了GB/T18920-2002《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》标准。     

不同相对分子质量的有机物对膜通量的影响

采用截留分子量分别为10、30kDa的聚醚砜膜和100kDa的聚偏氟乙烯膜对原水进行分级处理,并采用截留分子量分别为150kDa的聚偏氟乙烯膜和0.1μm的醋酸纤维素膜对出水进行膜过滤试验,研究不同相对分子质量的有机物对膜通量的影响.结果表明,虽然相对分子质量>30kDa的大分子有机物仅为总有机物的15%,但它分别引起微滤膜的通量下降86%和超滤膜通量下降54%.混凝处理可以去除相对分子质量>100kDa的有机物,这部分有机物导致通量下降40%以上.因此,尽管混凝处理仅去除10%的有机物,但改善通量的效果显著.粉末活性炭可以去除相对分子量<30kDa的小分子有机物,这部分有机物对通量下降的贡献程度甚低.因此,尽管粉末活性炭去除76%的有机物,但改善通量的效果甚微.预处理改善通量的效果并不取决于去除有机物的多少,而是取决于所去除的有机物对通量的影响大小.     

EcoTroph: Modelling marine ecosystem functioning and impact of fishing

EcoTroph (ET) is a model articulated around the idea that the functioning of aquatic ecosystems may be viewed as a biomass flow moving from lower to higher trophic levels, due to predation and ontogenetic processes. Thus, we show that the ecosystem biomass present at a given trophic level may be estimated from two simple equations, one describing biomass flow, the other their kinetics (which quantifies the velocity of biomass transfers towards top predators). The flow kinetic of prey partly depends on the abundance of their predators, and a top-down equation expressing this is included in the model. Based on these relationships, we simulated the impact on a virtual ecosystem of various exploitation patterns. Specifically, we show that the EcoTroph approach is able to mimic the effects of increased fishing effort on ecosystem biomass expected from theory. Particularly, the model exhibits complex patterns observed in field data, notably cascading effects and ‘fishing down the food web’. EcoTroph also provides diagnostic tools for examining the relationships between catch and fishing effort at the ecosystem scale and the effects of strong top-down controls and fast-flow kinetics on ecosystems resilience. Finally, a dynamic version of the model is derived from the steady-state version, thus allowing simulations of time series of ecosystem biomass and catches. Using this dynamic model, we explore the propagation of environmental variability in the food web, and illustrated how exploitation can induce a decrease of ecosystem stability. The potential for applying EcoTroph to specific ecosystems, based on field data, and similarities between EcoTroph and Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) are finally discussed.     

附加电场对中空纤维膜污染的减缓作用

通过对新型附加电场的中空纤维膜组件的实验室研究,探讨了电场对缓解微滤膜污染的作用.在恒定流量下过滤含有20mg/L腐殖酸的原水,无电压时,跨膜压力从0.0200MPa上升到0.0300MPa耗时2h,而施加60V电压时该时间段延长至10h.研究表明,原水中的腐殖酸在电场中发生电泳迁移,减少了向膜表面的移动,其对膜的污染被减缓;同时腐殖酸在电场中发生凝聚现象,沉积在膜表面形成疏松的滤饼层,是跨膜压力增加缓慢的另一原因.     

Tb(Ⅲ)对辣根叶片膜脂脂肪酸构成的影响

以辣根为材料,研究叶面喷洒Tb(Ⅲ)对辣根叶片膜脂脂肪酸构成的影响,结果表明,5 mg·l-1和60 mg·l-1 Tb(Ⅲ)均能增加膜脂饱和脂肪酸的百分含量,而降低不饱和脂肪酸含量,尤其是亚麻酸,但5mg·l-1 Tb)(Ⅲ)未能改变不饱和度指数,60 mg·l-1 Tb(Ⅲ)使不饱和度指数显著降低,同时,Tb(Ⅲ)使辣根叶片HRP活性降低,膜脂发生过氧化,表现为MDA含量增加,因此,Tb(Ⅲ)处理下膜脂脂肪酸的变化与Tb(Ⅲ)诱导的自由基升高有关,且在所有脂肪酸中,亚麻酸在稀土对膜脂脂肪酸影响中贡献最大.     

有机磷阻燃剂生产废水预处理工艺研究

采用液膜萃取—酸析沉降—络合萃取组合工艺对有机磷阻燃剂生产废水进行预处理.最佳工艺条件为:液膜萃取时,液膜油相(表面活性剂与煤油的混合液)与内水相(H2SO4溶液)的体积比2∶1、乳化液膜与废水的体积比1∶8、废水pH 13.0,硫酸体积分数10％、煤油中表面活性剂质量浓度30 g/L、液膜萃取时间 15 min;酸析沉降时,废水pH l.0,酸析沉降时间30 min;络合萃取时,络合萃取剂(烷基叔胺N235与煤油的混合液)中烷基叔胺N235体积分数30％,络合萃取剂与废水的体积比1∶4,废水pH l.0,络合萃取时间30 min.在此最佳处理条件下,废水COD总去除率可达93％,吡啶去除率达99.9％以上,总磷去除率可达97％,BOD5/COD提高至0.32,有利于后续生化处理.     

纳滤膜处理含锰废水

采用纳滤膜处理电解锰生产过程中产生的含锰废水,考察了操作压力、阻垢剂和反冲洗等因素对膜通量和各金属离子截留率的影响。实验结果表明:操作压力越大,膜通量越大,且膜通量随运行时间延长下降得越快;在操作压力为2.0 MPa的条件下,纳滤膜对Mg2+的截留率为90.69%,对Mn2+的截留率为89.72%,对Ca2+的截留率最高,达100%;加入阻垢剂后,纳滤膜的膜通量比未加入阻垢剂时的膜通量略大;反冲洗4次后,膜通量均可完全恢复。     

膜生物反应器中的膜污染问题

本文主要论述了一体式膜生物反应器的膜污染问题 ,包括膜污染的数学模型、膜污染种类以及防止膜污染的设计与操作、膜清洗等。