顺丁烯二酸酐生产的环境友好技术

以正丁烷选择性氧化制顺丁烯二酸酐为例，按照氧化还原进行的烃类选择性氧化反应，采用将催化循环的不同步骤在空间或时间上分离的操作方法，可大幅度地提高反应的选择性，实现环境友好生产。重点介绍了循环流化床、人为非定固定床和膜反应器这3种新反应技术在顺丁烯二酸酐生产中的应用。     

塑料电除雾器的特性与安全运行对策

介绍了塑料电除雾器性能与构造特点 ,分析了硫酸雾的成因及规律 ,针对塑料电除雾器运行中可能出现的故障提出了保证其高效运行的措施     

碳纳米管界面改性超滤膜的抗污机理解析

以碳纳米管(CNT)为核心改性材料,采用喷涂法对聚醚砜(PES)超滤膜进行界面改性,研究改性膜的抗污染性能.结果表明:改性膜经聚乙烯醇交联稳定后,呈现微弱的通透性降低和明显的亲水性提升,CNT交织网状层提高了界面粗糙度;在牛血清白蛋白(BSA)污染试验中,CNT-10改性膜的抗污性能最好,在20mg/L BSA试验后,...     

Sterilization of Escherichia coli cells by the application of pulsed magnetic field

The inactivation of microorganisms by pulsed magnetic field was studied. It was improved that the application of electromagnetic pulses evidently causes a lethal effect on E. coil cells suspended in phosphate buffer solution Na2HPO4/NaH2 PO4 (0.334/0.867mmol/L). Experimental results indicated that the survivability( N/N0 ; where N0 and N are the number of cells survived per milliliter before and after electromagnetic pulses application, respectively) of E. coil decreased with magnetic field intensity B and treatment time t. It was also found that the medium temperatures, the frequencies of pulse f, and the initial bacterial cell concentrations have determinate influences in destruction of E. coil cells by the application of magnetic pulses. The application of an magnetic intensity B = 160 mT at pulses frequency f= 62 kHz and treatment time t = 16 h result in a considerable destruction levels of E. coil cells ( N/N0=10^-4). Possible mechanisms involved in sterilization of the magnetic field treatment were discussed. In order to shorten the treatment time, many groups of parallel inductive coil were used. The practicability test showed that the treatment time was shortened to 4 h with the application of three groups of parallel coil when the survivability of E. coli cells was less than 0.01%; and the power consumption was about 0.2 kWh/m^3 .     

加速量热仪在物质热稳定性研究中的应用

加速量热仪（ARC）是一种基于绝热原理设计的热分析仪器,与其它热分析仪器相比,加速量热仪可以测量克量级的固体或高闪点液体样品,具有测试样品最大,敏感度高等特点,并能够实时记录样品放热反应过程中的温度和压力变化,以过氧化氢叔丁基为例说明加速量热仪测试结果在研究物质质变热稳定性方面的应用,得到了过氧化氢叔丁基放热分解反应的温度－时间和压力－时间关系曲线以及升温速度和压力随温度变化的曲线,通过计算和分析得到了反应系统升压速率随压力的变化曲线,计算出了过氧化氢叔丁基分解反应的动力学参数表观活化能Ea和指前因子A。     

纳米零价铁改性膜强化厌氧生物处理氯酚废水

针对厌氧生物技术处理氯酚废水驯化周期长和纳米零价铁易团聚的问题,采用压滤法制备纳米零价铁改性聚偏氟乙烯膜（nZVI@PVDF）,并将其与厌氧生物体系耦合处理氯酚废水,通过序批实验探究nZVI@PVDF对耦合体系脱氯、水解酸化、产甲烷阶段的影响.结果表明,48h内,包含3种不同nZVI负载量（0.075,0.15,0.3g）的nZVI@PVDF膜耦合体系的2-氯酚（2-CP）去除率分别为99%、97.6%和91.8%,而未添加nZVI@PVDF的对照组仅为62.7%;72h内耦合体系的COD去除率分别为88.2%、89.1%、89.4%,而对照组COD去除率为63.6%;耦合体系的顶空甲烷占比分别为25.16%、25.98%、26.80%,而对照组仅为16.82%.投加产甲烷抑制剂的条件下,nZVI@PVDF刺激了脂肪酸的生成.nZVI@PVDF促进了氯酚的脱氯、脂肪酸和甲烷的生成.     

操作条件对TMBR性能的影响

为了探讨TMBR处理高浓度废水时操作条件对其性能的影响,用内径为8 mm聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)管式超滤膜制作外置式管式膜生物反应器(TMBR)处理垃圾渗滤液。实验结果表明,增加跨膜压差(TMP)可以增加膜通量,当TMP超过适宜值后表现为通量与TMP无关的特性。提高膜面流速可以削弱污染层的形成,当超过适宜流速后也表现出通量与流速无关的特性。不同的污泥浓度(MLSS)存在适宜的TMP和适宜膜面流速。快速冲洗和化学清洗可分别使膜的通量恢复至新膜的78%和89%。     

煤中掺比伴生硫化物的自燃特性分析

为了深入探究矿井下伴生硫化物对煤自燃及着火燃烧特性的影响,向原煤中添加不同量的含硫物配制4种不同含硫量的煤样,通过TG实验、DSC测试和XRD分析,研究伴生硫化物对煤自燃及着火燃烧特性的影响规律;基于Coats-Redfern法计算煤中掺加不同伴生硫化物时煤燃烧阶段的活化能。研究结果表明:随着煤中掺比伴生硫化物的增多,煤的特征温度相应减小,而吸氧量、可燃和稳燃指数相应增大,原煤中混入伴生硫化物后更易自燃;随着煤中掺比伴生硫化物的增多,煤燃烧阶段的活化能降低,煤更易着火燃烧;伴生硫化物的主要成分为水绿矾、叶绿矾,这些物质在常温下遇水和氧气能够发生化学循环反应,反应放热促使了煤更易自燃;伴生硫化物在温度高于200℃以后整体表现为放热,在温度为565℃时达到放热峰值,这使得煤燃烧阶段的活化能降低,煤更易燃烧。     

膜法解吸CO_2吸收富液

采用中空纤维膜接触器(FMC)作为解吸装置,对吸收了CO_2的N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)溶液(富液)进行膜法解吸实验。考察了CO_2负荷、解吸温度、解吸压力、富液流速和N_2吹扫流量对CO_2解吸率的影响。结果表明,富液中CO_2负荷越大、解吸温度越高、解吸压力越低、富液流速越大、N_2吹扫流量越大,则CO_2解吸率越高。综合考虑,本实验优选的工艺条件为解吸温度45~65℃,解吸压力10~30 k Pa,富液流速0.08 m/s,N_2吹扫流量200 m L/min。     

Improvements in Fluvial Stability Associated with Two‐Stage Ditch Construction in Mower County,Minnesota

Water quality and stream habitat in agricultural watersheds are under greater scrutiny as hydrologic pathways are altered to increase crop production. Agricultural drainage ditches function to remove water quickly from farmed landscapes. Conventional ditch designs lack the form and function of natural stream systems and tend to be unstable and provide inadequate habitat. In October of 2009, 1.89 km of a conventional drainage ditch in Mower County, Minnesota, was converted to an alternative system with a two‐stage channel to investigate the improvements in water quality, stability, and habitat. Longitudinal surveys show a 12‐fold increase in the pool‐riffle formation. Cross‐sectional surveys show an average increase in bankfull width of approximately 10% and may be associated to an increased frequency in large storm events. The average increase in bankfull depth was estimated as 18% but is largely influenced by pool formation. Rosgen Stability Analyses show the channel to be highly stable and the banks at a low risk of erosion. The average bankfull recurrence interval was estimated to be approximately 0.30 years. Overall, the two‐stage ditch design demonstrates an increase in fluvial stability, creating a more consistent sediment budget, and increasing the frequency of important instream habitat features, making this best management practice a viable option for addressing issues of erosion, sediment imbalance, and poor habitat in agricultural drainage systems.