Ecological monitoring of urban groups of stray dogs: An example of the city of petrozavodsk

The results of the census of stray dogs and data on their territorial distribution in the city of Petrozavodsk are reported. The population density of these animals has been found to vary within the urban area, depending mainly on the availability of secluded areas to live in and on population control by municipal services.     

不同物料堆肥富里酸的结构特征的研究

通过三维荧光平行因子分析（EEM-PARAFAC）和二维相关光谱（2DCOS）分析了富含木质纤维素类物料（果蔬废物和杂草废物）和富含木质素类物料（秸秆废物和园林修剪废物）堆肥形成的富里酸的结构和组成.结果显示，两类堆肥物料形成的富里酸结构差异显著.虽然两类物料的荧光组分含量及变化基本相似，但是特征官能团与其荧光组分的变化顺序却不同.富含木质纤维素类物料堆肥形成的富里酸中类酪氨酸和类色氨酸先于芳环形成，而富含木质素类物料堆肥形成的富里酸中芳环先于类酪氨酸和类色氨酸.并且，研究发现在堆肥高温期和腐熟期，富里酸的芳环含量在木质纤维类和木质类物料中分别增加了约10%和5%，脂肪族的含量分别下降了约10%和6%，说明堆肥过程中富里酸结构中脂肪族逐渐降解并伴随其芳香性逐渐增加；结构方程模型结果表明，类富里酸、脂肪族基团和羧基是富里酸中芳环形成的关键组分.本文研究结果可为明确堆肥过程中富里酸的形成提供理论基础.     

Forest Cover Change,Physiography, Local Economy,and Institutions in a Mountain Watershed in Nepal

This study assessed changes in forest cover in a mountain watershed in central Nepal between 1976 and 2000 by comparing classified satellite images coupled by GIS analyses, and examined the association of forest change with major physiographic, economic, and local forest governance parameters. The results showed an increase in forested area (forest plus shrublands) by 7.6% during 1976–2000. Forest dynamism (changes including improvement, deterioration, gain, and loss) was highest in low-elevation, south-facing and less-steep slopes that were closer to roads. Proportionately the highest net improvement and gain to forested area also took place in those locations. Forest degradation occurred at twice the rate of improvement in high elevation areas (> 2300 m). Forests located in urban and semiurban areas (i.e., a market-oriented economy) experienced a proportionately higher amount of net improvement and gain than forests in rural areas (i.e., a subsistence economy). Among the three governance arrangements, proportionately the highest net improvement and gain took place in semigovernment forests (forested area legally under the forest department but with de facto control and claim of ownership by local communities and/or municipality) followed by formalized community forests (including leasehold). Government forests, which were mostly found in the southern high mountains and had virtually open access, remained relatively stable during the study period. Over 50% of the watershed forests have not come under community-based management despite favorable policy and more than two decades of government intervention with continuous donor support. The findings indicate that the present one size fits all approach of community forest handover policy in Nepal needs rethinking to accommodate biophysical and socioeconomic variations across the country.     

CHANNEL CHANGES DOWNSTREAM FROM A DAM1

ABSTRACT: A flood-control dam was completed during 1979 on Bear Creek, a small tributary stream to the South Platte River in the Denver, Colorado, area. Before and after dam closure, repetitive surveys between 1977 and 1992 at five cross sections downstream of the dam documented changes in channel morphology. During this 15-year period, channel width increased slightly, but channel depth increased by more than 40 percent. Within the study reach, stream gradient decreased and median bed material sizes coarsened from sand in the pools and fine gravel on the rime to a median coarse gravel throughout the reach. The most striking visual change was from a sparse growth of streamside grasses to a dense growth of riparian woody vegetation.     

由通风网络结构数据自动生成通风网络图研究

通风网络图是矿井通风管理的一种重要图件.本文根据通风网络图的特点,介绍了一种由通风网络结构数据自动生成通风网络图的方法,并进行了开发实现和实践应用.     

试论执行力文化的构建与政府行政效率的提高

首先论述了执行力文化的提出及内涵,随后说明了导致政府行政效率低下的3个原因,由此引出了在政府中倡导构建执行力文化是提高政府效率的有效手段,最后以秦皇岛市为例,说明了在政府中如何构建执行力文化的几个方面内容.     

非规则信息的结构分析与雾的区域预测

按照航空飞行的特殊需要,就大气能见度因素--雾的预测问题,引用物质演化的溃变原理,对大范围﹑区域性和测站点雾的发生﹑发展、消亡的实际案例进行了物理机理和预测分析.结果显示,根据V-3θ图的结构特征,可预测区域性雾的分布和量级,并可明确区分雾的类别.经实际检验,该方法可明显地改善机场的业务预报.     

洪水多站峰量同时模拟的随机模型

洪水过程是一复杂的随机动力系统，随机模拟技术至今仍是研究洪水过程时空统计特性的有力工具。该文以同时模拟上游站、下游站及其区间的最大洪峰流量、最大五日洪量和最大十二日洪量为例，建立了一种简便而适用的随机模型。实例结果表明，该随机模型是可行而有效的，在水资源系统工程的理论与实践中具有重要价值。     

INITIAL RESEARCH INTO CLIMATIC CHANGES AND GRASSLAND DEGENERATION IN INNER MONGOLIA

DuringtheimplementationoftheWestChinaDevelopmentStrategyinthetwenty firstcentury ,thenorthernsteppezoneplaysasignificantroleinsafeguardingtheecologicalsecurityandrealizingsustainabledevelopmentinChina .InnerMongoliaprairieliesinthemiddleofEurasiasteppezoneandisthetransitionzonefromthearidareasinthenorthwesttothehumidareasinthenortheastandthedryfarmingareasinNorthChina .Therigorousnaturalconditions ,thefluctuatingclimateandthecompli catedsocialandeconomicconditionsmakethisareaverysensitiveto…     

Spatial and temporal relationships between precipitation and ANPP of four types of grasslands in northern China

Precipitation is considered to be the primary resource limiting terrestrial biological activity in water-limited regions. Its overriding effect on the production of grassland is complex. In this paper, field data of 48 sites （including temperate meadow steppe, temperate steppe, temperate desert steppe and alpine meadow） were gathered from 31 published papers and monographs to analyze the relationship between above-ground net primary productivity （ANPP） and precipitation by the method of regression analysis. The results indicated that there was a great difference between spatial pattern and temporal pattern by which precipitation influenced grassland ANPP. Mean annual precipitation （MAP） was the main factor determining spatial distribution of grassland ANPP （r^2 = 0.61, P 〈 0.01）; while temporally, no significant relationship was found between the variance of AN PP and inter-annual precipitation for the four types of grassland. However, after dividing annual preeipitation into monthly value and taking time lag effect into account, the study found significant relationships between ANPP and precipitation. For the temperate meadow steppe, the key variable determining inter-annual change of ANPP was last August-May precipitation （r^2 = 0.47, P = 0.01）; for the temperate steppe, the key variable was July precipitation （r^2 = 0.36, P = 0.02）; for the temperate desert steppe, the key variable was April-June precipitation （r^2 = 0.51, P 〈 0.01）; for the alpine meadow, the key variable was last September-May precipitation （r^2 = 0.29, P 〈 0.05）. In comparison with analogous research, the study demonstrated that the key factor determining inter-annual changes of grassland ANPP was the cumulative precipitation in certain periods of that year or the previous year.