不同植被绿色屋顶径流水质年际变化特征

绿色屋顶是海绵城市建设的重要措施之一,近年来逐渐得到广泛关注.为探究植被和使用时长对绿色屋顶径流水质的影响,于北京市区搭建了3种不同植被类型[佛甲草（Sedum lineare）、大花马齿苋（Portulaca grandiflora）和无植被（对照）]的绿色屋顶.根据2017～2019年植物生长情况、雨季雨水和绿色屋顶径流水质的长期监测,定量分析不同植被绿色屋顶径流水质的年际变化特征.结果表明,相较雨水,3种绿色屋顶在监测期内均是NH⁺₄-N的汇,浓度平均削减率在50.1%～79.2%之间,但均是PO^3-₄-P、 DCr、 DCu和DNi的源;佛甲草和大花马齿苋绿色屋顶在2017年是NO^-₃-N的汇,浓度平均削减率分别为71.4%和99.5%,在2018和2019年是NO^-₃-N的源,而对照绿色屋顶在监测期均为NO^-₃-N的源;绿色屋顶的植被类型和使用时长显著影响其径...     

百年来北方湖泊沉积物PAHs的变化特征及其对人类活动的响应

多环芳烃(PAHs)具有致癌、致畸、致突变性和生物累积效应,在社会引起了广泛关注.鉴于我国北方地区湖泊众多,且受人为活动影响日益加剧,收集了我国北方30个湖泊沉积物中的PAHs数据,分析了 PAHs的历史变化、空间分布和生态风险,阐述了 PAHs对人为排放和削减措施的响应.结果表明,北方湖泊沉积物中ω(PAHs)在18...     

鄱阳湖水文干旱化发生的机制研究

近年来,鄱阳湖呈现显著的秋冬季干旱化趋势,对鄱阳湖水生态安全和湿地生态安全都产生了显著影响,引起广泛的社会关注。揭示鄱阳湖水文情势发生变化的原因,对鄱阳湖科学管理具有重要的意义。利用Landsat卫星系列遥感影像分析2000年以来鄱阳湖采砂基础上,结合长时间序列水文资料,分析鄱阳湖水文特征变化,探讨了鄱阳湖水文特征变化与采砂之间的关系。得到以下结论：（1）从采砂船数量、采砂规模和采砂方位等来看,数量和规模远超规划限额的规模,并且呈扩大趋势,采砂范围已经扩大到鄱阳湖最南端,并在生态敏感区出现,表现出滥采、盗采和超采的无序状态。（2）新世纪以来,鄱阳湖枯水期提前、特征低枯水位时间延长,入江河道的水面坡降呈减小趋势,但泄流出湖速率呈增加趋势。（3）长江三峡水库运行对中下游水位的影响,以及长江中下游含沙量降低造成清水侵蚀,河床下降削弱长江水对鄱阳湖泄流的顶托作用,也是鄱阳湖水文干旱化变化的潜在原因。（4）鄱阳湖采砂导致入江河道加深、加宽,是鄱阳湖秋冬季水文干旱化的原因之一。研究结果对于如何应对鄱阳湖秋冬季水文干旱化,开展鄱阳湖综合治理具有参考价值。     

焙烧温度对ZnSn水滑石结构及光催化性能的影响

采用共沉淀和热处理法合成了一系列ZnSn-LDHs/MMO光催化剂,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附-脱附、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)、紫外漫反射(UV-Vis-DRS)、光致发光光谱(PL)和电化学阻抗(EIS)等技术对其进行表征,并以甲基橙(MO)为降解物,考察其光催化性能.结果表明,ZnSn-LDHs在焙烧温度...     

浓密尾矿管道输送的研究现状及展望

为掌握浓密尾矿管道输送中的流动规律及阻力特性,对国内外现有研究成果进行了综述,以尾矿颗粒的粒径尺寸和分布特征为切入点,分析了颗粒-颗粒、颗粒-流体间的相互作用,提出将浓密尾矿管道输送划分为均质结构流和复合流动两种模式,分别对不同模式下浆体流变性质、颗粒运移行为、流动型态及阻力特性方面的研究成果和最新进展进行了评述。结果表明:均匀细颗粒(d dc)浓密尾矿可视为由细颗粒介质与离散粗颗粒组成的复合流体,粗颗粒具有"剪切沉降"效应,介质屈服应力较小(τy<5τyc)时,浆体在管道内分层流动,管流阻力可通过两层流模型进行分析。     

What is a static head measurement? Evaluating structural error and implications for regional groundwater modeling

Most groundwater modelers avoid using static heads measured from active production wells because they can introduce a bias into model calibration. However, in the deep confined Cambrian-Ordovician Sandstone Aquifer System in the Central Midcontinent of North America, dedicated observation wells are sparse and remote from areas of most concentrated pumping. As a result, in areas where drawdown is the greatest and modeling is most needed, only static heads from production wells are available for calibration. This paper evaluates two leading sources of discrepancies in using production well data, spatial and temporal structural error (S.E.). A simple Theis solution is used to evaluate the potential magnitude of spatial S.E. when calibrating a regional MODFLOW model with coarse cell resolution. Despite theoretical analyses indicating that spatial S.E. could be significant, statistical analysis of the model results suggests that temporal S.E. is dominant. Long (ranging over decades) or frequent (monthly) head datasets are key in understanding temporal S.E., to better capture water-level variability. In this study, the range in static head observations impacted estimates of the remaining time a well could extract water from the aquifer by 0.1 to 16.0 years. This uncertainty in future water supply is highly relevant to stakeholders and must be assessed in hydrographs depicting risk.     

Dynamic Performance of Horizontal Flexible Anchor Lines During Fall Arrest— A Numerical Method of Simulation

Designing fall arrest systems, which contain horizontal flexible anchor lines is an important technical problem related to the safety of people who work at a height and need horizontal freedom of movement. The article presents a numerical simulation of the dynamic performance of horizontal flexible anchor lines during fall arrest. The model of a 2-component system—a horizontal flexible anchor line and a falling rigid mass, described with a second order non-linear differential equation—is the main element of this method. This method of simulation is realised by a computer program, which allows obtaining the most important data characterising a fall arrest. The article shows laboratory tests used for the verification of this method, which turned out to be a valuable source of information and which can be used for designing fall arrest systems.     

Evolution of the landscape as a response of a demographic change. A case study in the Duero riverside,Spain

The Arribes del Duero area, in western Spain, at the border with Portugal, is suffering a drastic change in the landscape, as a response of the diminution of population. Traditional tasks related to agriculture have been abandoned, and heavy sheep farming on the area is provoking the impoverishment of soils. The effect derived from these actions is the disintegration of the terraces, which are one of the major attractions for tourists visiting the region. We propose that incentives for local people could help to develop those traditional labours to recover the landscape, together with the promotion of immigration of families with school-age children, could bring back the economy to the area.     

海洋环境耐蚀结构钢研究进展

以海洋装备主体材料钢铁作为研究对象,概述了结构钢在海洋环境下的腐蚀与防护研究进展。叙述了结构钢在海洋环境不同区域的各种因素影响下的腐蚀行为和机理。阐述了耐蚀结构钢材料的研究现状和国内外海洋环境用典型耐蚀低合金钢,目前主要通过微合金化技术和组织调控技术提高合金钢材料的耐蚀性。对比国外相关研究,我国耐蚀结构钢开发相对滞后,除了利用微合金化技术、组织调控技术这2种方法提高结构钢材料的耐蚀性外,采用传统腐蚀研究方法结合基于机器学习技术的新型腐蚀研究方法,挖掘海洋环境因素、材料成分和组织结构因素对结构钢腐蚀速率的影响规律,对加强结构钢腐蚀机理研究、加快新型耐蚀结构钢的开发、延长海洋装备的服役寿命具有重要意义。     

近40年来山东省南四湖水生植被演变及其驱动因素

基于2019年南四湖水生植被调查结果,结合历史资料,分析了1983～2019年全湖水生植被演变情况。结果表明:1)近40年来,南四湖优势种数量下降,结构发生改变,耐污种菹草代替不耐污种轮叶黑藻、微齿眼子菜等成为优势种;2)物种丰富度急剧下降,由74种下降为16种;3)水生植被总面积大幅缩减,挺水植物面积减少93.7%;4)单位面积生物量减少,植被生产力降低。造成这种水生植被演变的主要因素包括:1)湖泊水位波动对植被生长影响显著,2002年的极度干旱压缩了水生植被的生存空间;2)湖泊营养水平变化诱发优势种演变更替;3)人类活动干扰水生植被的生长与分布等。建议控制湖区内不当的人类活动,更好地保护南四湖湿地生态系统的健康,促进水生植被的恢复。