多维视角下新型城市化对中国二氧化碳排放影响的时空变化特征

城市化和碳排放之间关系密切,现有研究多从单一维度来衡量城市化,而忽略了城市化的多维性.本文从人口、经济、社会、空间和生态5个维度建立了新型城市化的评价体系,利用中国30个省、自治区和直辖市2004—2016年的面板数据,基于熵值法和地理加权回归（GWR）模型,从多维视角下研究了新型城市化对中国二氧化碳排放影响的时空变化特征,结果表明：①北京的新型城市化水平最高,东部沿海地区的新型城市化水平高于西部、西南和东北地区.②新型城市化对碳排放有显著促进作用.人口城市化、社会城市化和生态城市化对碳排放的影响存在明显的区域差异,在不同地区分别表现出促进作用和抑制作用,经济城市化和空间城市化对碳排放有显著促进作用.③人口城市化对碳排放影响的空间集聚性呈现出从西南、南部及东部地区往北部、东北部转移的特征.经济城市化对碳排放影响的空间集聚性呈现出从南部往东部沿海及东北地区逆时针转移的特征.社会城市化对碳排放影响的空间集聚性呈现出从南部、西南地区往西部及东北部顺时针转移的特征.空间城市化对碳排放影响的空间集聚性呈现出从北部、东北部地区往西部、西南地区逆时针转移的特征.生态城市化对碳排放影响的空间集聚性呈现出从东部往中西部转移的特征.     

输入未知情况下结构复合反演的两步法

研究了输入未知条件下的参数识别问题。针对剪切型结构,提出了其在一类特殊未知载荷下的复合反演算法,此方法假设结构各层上的未知输入之间成比例关系,在不知道这些比例关系的情况下,分两步进行复合反演:第一步,假设某一层上的未知输入为基本未知输入,利用子结构技术,采用遗传算法识别子结构参数和子结构上未知输入之间的比例关系,进而求出基本未知输入;第二步,在基本未知输入已知的情况下,通过最小二乘算法识别其余各层的未知参数和其余各层上未知输入与基本未知输入之间的比例关系。此方法在类似风荷载作用未知情况下的复合反演中具有重要意义,最后用剪切型数值算例验证了算法的合理性。     

大跨桥梁结构损伤预警的基本原理与方法

以润扬长江公路大桥为例,系统阐述了以小波包能量谱为基础的结构损伤预警方法的理论基础和本质特征。研究了以小波包分析为基础的结构动力系统的多尺度分解原理,推导了不同分析尺度上振动结构的状态方程和观测方程,并分析了结构系统矩阵和观测噪声的小波包分解特性,从理论上证明了基于小波包能量谱的结构损伤预警的敏感性和噪声鲁棒性。指出大跨桥梁结构损伤预警的有效性须考虑结构损伤和观测噪声的共同影响,并根据噪声能量的小波包分解特性提出了大跨桥梁结构损伤预警参数的计算方法。     

如何完善沥青路面结构设计保证车辆行驶安全的探讨

沥青路面的病害直接威胁着公路通行车辆行驶安全,沥青路面的结构设计不合理是导致路面发生病害的重要原因之一。通过对高速公路沥青路面的主要病害成因从设计角度进行分析,提出应从完善路面设计基础数据的测试与确定方法、合理选择原材料、采用合适的矿料级配、完善配合比设计方法、合理选择沥青面层厚度、加强沥青面层层间及与基层的粘结等途径完善沥青路面结构设计,以进一步提高沥青路面的使用功能,减少道路交通安全事故的发生。     

建筑物地震损失估计方法对比分析

合理而准确地确定建筑物的地震损失是当今防震减灾研究的一个主要课题,也是地震保险费率厘定的前提.目前,我国已经在地震发生概率、场地类型、结构性能、财产分布等方面积累了许多震害统计资料.同时,不断应用地震学、抗震工程学和计算方法方面新的研究成果于地震损失的计算,形成了几种常见的损失估计思路和方法.这其中主要包括传统的地震灾害损失风险评估方法、基于动力可靠度的损失分析方法和基于结构性能的损失确定方法.从合理性和适用性的角度,对这3种方法进行了评述和比较,以此看出各种方法的优点和局限性以及分析思路的发展演变过程,并希望从中能够看出今后研究工作的一些方向.     

Cultured amniotic fluid cells for prenatal diagnosis of lysosomal storage disorders: A methodological study

The influence of culture conditions on the ultrastructure and enzyme activities of amniotic fluid cells are reported. Morphological changes were determined as a function of the number of lysosomal-like inclusion bodies per cell, and these results correlated to the activity of Thiexosaminidase, a-mannosidase, β-glucuronidase, arylsulphatase C and 5′ nucleotidase. The parameters examined were pH of the culture media, type of media, increasing cell passage and day of harvest. Our results indicate that enzyme activities are less sensitive to changes in culture conditions as compared to ultrastructural changes. We therefore recommend that in order to obtain reliable ultrastructural results for the diagnosis of storage disorders, cultures should be grown in MEM as the culture medium, the pH of the medium carefully monitored to remain below pH 7·4, examining the cultures no later than the eighth cell passage and no later than the 10th day after subculture.     

Microecosystem Analysis of the Structure and Functions of Forest Biogeocenoses

The microecosystem approach and an adequate system of quantitative methods have been used to study the relationship between the chorologic changes in the structure and functions of edificator tree stand and other components of the pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest cenoecosystems of the Transural and Northern Turgai regions. Significant correlations of the density of pine undergrowth with the litter thickness; of its growth with root competition, stand closeness, and, to a lower degree, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); and of the numbers of small mammals and groups of soil mesofauna with herbaceous phytomass have been found. The possibility of the synthesis of population-ecological, synecological, and biogeocenological methods has been demonstrated.     

中国农业发展与环境变迁

我国农业历史悠久,农业人口众多,人类活动尤其是农业发展对地理环境的影响极大。我国地理环境在时间与空间上都有很大差异。我国的环境变迁是自然条件与人类活动相互作用的结果。有些环境变化是“积极的”,如土地开发与绿洲建设、水利与灌溉、作物与家畜驯化、平原森林的营造等等,但更多环境变化是“消极的”,如旱灾、洪涝灾害、流沙、盐渍化、森林破坏、动物灭绝、土壤侵蚀、山地灾害等等。当地理环境利用得当时,积极的环境变化将占主导;但若利用不当或利用过度,消极的环境变化将最终占优势。     

STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING OF DYNAMICS OF NITRATE CONTAMINATION IN GROUND WATER1

ABSTRACT: Most research on the temporal aspect of nitrate pollution in water resources has focused on surface water. Comprehensive studies on the dynamics of nitrate in ground water are lacking, especially on a drainage basin scale and for relatively long periods of time. In this study, structural equation modeling is applied in investigating the influences of climate, hydrology, and nitrogen management in agricultural production on nitrate concentration in the Big Spring Basin, Iowa, over a 10-year period. The study shows that for given hydrogeological settings, nitrogen management practices and climate are the two most important factors that affect nitrate dynamics. The long-term trend of nitrate is closely related to the nitrogen input primarily determined by management practices. The potential effects of nitrogen management, however, are contingent on the variations of climate. The improvements in water quality (reduced nitrate concentration and loads) in relation to improved nitrogen management are often overshadowed by the impact of climate, especially in extremely dry or wet years. The variations of climate and hydrology have much greater impacts on the nitrate dynamics than the changes in nitrogen input. This study reveals significant seasonal variation in the relations between nitrate concentration and influencing factors, which is also closely related to the seasonal variation in climate. Assessment of management practices and resultant water quality should consider the impact of short- and long-term climate dynamics.     

贵州农业“两旱”的气候特征及其防御

研究了对贵州农业有重要影响的春旱、夏旱两种灾害性天气的气候规律，指出了贵州春旱呈西重东轻，夏旱则呈东重西轻的地区分布特点．并在分析其危害的基础上，提出了“两旱”灾害的防御措施。