Simultaneous adsorption and degradation of γ-HCH by nZVI/Cu bimetallic nanoparticles with activated carbon support

Cu amended zero valent iron bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized by doping Cu on the surface of iron. They were incorporated with granular activated carbon (AC) to prepare supported particles (AC-Fe⁰-Cu), which were used to remove γ-HCH. Cu on the surface of iron enhanced the dechlorination activity of Fe⁰. The dechlorination rate constant (k_obs) increased with the Cu loading on the surface of iron and the maximum was achieved with 6.073% Cu. AC as a support was effective for increasing the dispersion of the nanoparticles and avoiding the agglomeration of the metallic nanoparticles. The simultaneous adsorption of γ-HCH on AC accelerated the degradation rate of γ-HCH by the bimetals. After reaction for 165 min, around 99% of γ-HCH was removed by the solids of AC-Fe⁰-Cu. In addition, AC could adsorb the degradation products. The degradation of γ-HCH was mainly through dehydrochlorination and dichloroelmination based on the intermediate products detected by GC/MS.     

Release of silver nanoparticles from outdoor facades

In this study we investigate the release of metallic silver nanoparticles (Ag-NP) from paints used for outdoor applications. A facade panel mounted on a model house was exposed to ambient weather conditions over a period of one year. The runoff volume of individual rain events was determined and the silver and titanium concentrations of 36 out of 65 runoff events were measured. Selected samples were prepared for electron microscopic analysis. A strong leaching of the Ag-NP was observed during the initial runoff events with a maximum concentration of 145 μ Ag/l. After a period of one year, more than 30% of the Ag-NP were released to the environment. Particles were mostly <15 nm and are released as composite colloids attached to the organic binders of the paint. Microscopic results indicate that the Ag-NP are likely transformed to considerably less toxic forms such as Ag₂S.     

TiO2晶体的微波水热法制备及光催化性能研究

以TiSO4和尿素为主要原料,EDTA为控制剂,采用微波水热法制备纳米TiO2光催化剂,并分析了纳米TiO2晶粒的最佳形成条件。利用XRD、TEM等技术对制备产物进行表征。结果表明,TiSO4和尿素混合物在微波水热条件下晶化150min后,产物为锐钛矿型TiO2,且产物粒径小、大小均匀。在紫外光照射下,以自制的锐钛矿型纳米TiO2为催化剂,酸性橙为降解目标物,进一步研究了其光催化性能。结果表明,该TiO2在紫外光照射下表现出稳定的光催化活性。     

磁性纳米颗粒对不同模式生物的毒性研究

磁性纳米颗粒在生物医学等领域应用广泛,而其毒性研究尚未深入,对生物的影响及作用机制仍未阐明。本文综述了磁性纳米颗粒近年来对于细胞、鼠、家兔和秀丽隐杆线虫的毒理学研究,为磁性纳米颗粒的应用提供参考。     

量子点对Cu2+诱导L02细胞毒性的影响及机理研究

量子点(QDs)和Cu~(2+)可能共存于肝脏,对肝细胞产生联合毒性,威胁人体健康。本研究以人胚肝细胞(L02)为研究对象,考察了低/无毒的QDs(3.6%的细胞致死率)对Cu~(2+)诱导L02细胞毒性的影响及相关机理,为其可能的健康和环境风险提供参考。结果显示,QDs的加入使得Cu~(2+)的细胞毒性有了很大的提高,细胞存活率最高下降了26.0%,两者表现为协同作用;另外QDs存在使得Cu~(2+)细胞蓄积量增大,伴随着Cu~(2+)天然解毒蛋白CTR1和ATP7A等表达水平的升高,从侧面印证了Cu~(2+)的蓄积量增加对细胞的影响;同时,QDs的存在使得细胞乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehyfrogenase,LDH)泄露相对于Cu~(2+)单独处理组提高,暗示QDs可能破坏了细胞膜,导致Cu~(2+)在细胞内蓄积量增加,从而使细胞毒性增加,两者的联合毒性表现为协同作用。     

Influence of phosphate on deposition and detachment of TiO2 nanoparticles in soil

We examined influence of phosphate on transport of TiO₂ NPs in soil. Deposition was reduced at higher pH and by adsorption of phosphate in soil. Release was more for NPs initially deposited at higher pH. Release was more for NPs initially deposited in the presence of phosphate. Surface roughness and charge heterogeneity play a role in the deposition/ release. The widespread use of TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) makes inevitable their release into the soil. Phosphate is also widespread within soil, and is likely copresent with TiO₂ NPs. However, the influence of phosphate on deposition/release— and thereby on transport— of TiO₂ NPs in soil is yet to be elucidated. In this study we conducted saturated column experiments to systematically examine the transport of TiO₂ NPs in soil amended with phosphate at different ionic strengths (ISs) (1, 10, 100 mmol/L NaCl) and pHs (4 and 9). Results show that the deposition of TiO₂ NPs decreased with decreasing IS, increasing pH, and when soil absorbed phosphate. These observations are qualitatively in agreement with Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) interaction energy calculations, because the repulsive energy barrier is larger and secondary minimum depth is smaller at a lower IS, higher pH, and in the presence of phosphate. Accordingly, both primary- and secondary-minimum deposition were inhibited. Interestingly, although the deposition was less at higher pH and in the presence of phosphate, the subsequent spontaneous detachment and detachment by reduction of solution IS in these cases were greater. In addition, the presence of phosphate in the solution can cause a small quantity of attached TiO₂ NPs to detach, even without perturbations of physical and chemical conditions. Our study was the first to investigate the influence of phosphate on detachment of TiO₂ NPs and the results have important implication for accurate prediction of fate and transport of TiO₂ NPs in subsurface environments.     

Reaction of silver nanoparticles in the disinfection process

This study investigated the dissolution, aggregation, and reaction kinetics of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with the three types of water disinfectants (ultraviolet, sodium hypochlorite, and ozone) under the different conditions of pH, ionic strength, or humic acid (HA). The physicochemical changes of AgNPs were measured by using UV–Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. The results showed that when AgNPs contacted the disinfectants, oxidative dissolution was the primary reaction. In addition, the reaction kinetics studies revealed that the reaction rate of AgNPs with disinfectants was significantly influenced by different disinfectants along with different pH and the presence of sodium nitrate and HA. Our research demonstrated the potential effect of disinfectants on AgNPs, which will improve our understanding of the fate of AgNPs in the disinfection processes in the water and wastewater treatment plant.     

金属和氧化物纳米颗粒对细菌毒性的研究进展

阐述了纳米颗粒的组分、尺寸、形状和表面电荷等性质与毒性的关系,介绍了纳米颗粒对革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌的毒性差异,指出了分散介质、暴露方式等毒性试验条件对纳米颗粒细菌毒性的影响,讨论了纳米颗粒对细菌毒性的可能机制,如氧化损伤、破坏细胞壁、作用于蛋白和核酸以及释放出金属离子等。针对目前纳米毒性研究尚处于起步阶段的现状,提出了建立纳米材料的毒性评价方法,加强从分子生物学水平开展对毒性机制的研究等建议。     

磁铁矿纳米颗粒与Pb~(2+)复合物对大鼠肾细胞的毒性研究

磁铁矿纳米颗粒(magnetite nanoparticles, MNPs)是一种环境友好型吸附剂,广泛应用于废水中Pb~(2+)的处理。目前,有不少关于MNPs毒性的研究,但对MNPs处理Pb~(2+)形成的复合物的毒性却鲜有报道,其复合毒性亟待深入研究。本文以大鼠肾细胞(NRK)作为细胞模型,系统研究不同Pb含量的MNPs-Pb复合物,以及相应浓度的MNPs和Pb~(2+),对大鼠肾细胞活性、细胞形态和密度的影响,考察细胞对纳米颗粒的摄取以及细胞凋亡的作用机制,评估MNPs-Pb的毒性效应。结果表明,在本实验浓度和暴露时间(12 h)条件下,Pb~(2+)能够显著抑制细胞活性,改变细胞形态,促进细胞凋亡,对细胞有显著的毒性效应,并且呈现剂量相关性;利用MNPs吸附水环境中Pb~(2+)形成的复合物MNPs-Pb对大鼠肾细胞没有显著的毒性作用(P<0.05),MNPs对Pb~(2+)的吸附可能是Pb~(2+)的细胞毒性降低的原因。