Characterization of arsenic content in marine organisms from temperate, tropical, and polar environments

Arsenic is a widely distributed element which occurs in several chemical forms in the marine environment. Inorganic arsenic mediates the most toxic effects and predominates in sea water and sediments, while organisms generally accumulate non-toxic organic forms to concentrations probably reflecting species-specific characteristics in arsenic metabolism. This work represents an additional contribution to our knowledge on natural levels and chemical speciation of arsenic in marine organisms; basal concentrations were characterized in several species (bivalves, crustaceans, and fishes) from different environments (polar, temperate, and tropical latitudes), and results revealed an elevated variability with values ranging from less than 5 to about 200 μg g^-1. No significant effects were observed as a function of the geographical area, with the only exception of crustaceans always showing more elevated arsenic concentrations in Mediterranean species (about 45-110 μg g^-1) compared with tropical species (lower than 30 μg g^-1). Chemical speciation of arsenic was investigated in representative species from the three studied taxa; the predominance of organic forms confirmed the general tendency of marine organisms to bioaccumulate non-toxic arsenic compounds, probably resulting from a detoxification pathway.     

Comparison the effects of bioaugmentation versus biostimulation on marine microbial community by PCR–DGGE: A mesocosm scale

In order to better understand the effects of biostimulation and bioaugmentation processes on a marine microbial community, three different mesocosm experiments were planned. Natural seawater(10.000 L) was artificially polluted with crude oil(1 L) and(1) inorganic nutrients(Biostimulating Mesocosm, BM),(2) inorganic nutrients and an inoculum of Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2(Single Bioaugmentation Mesocosm, SBM),(3) inorganic nutrients and inoculums of A. borkumensis SK2 and Thalassolituus oleivorans MIL-1(Consortium Bioaugmentation Mesocosm, CBM). During the experimental period(20 days), samples were taken from each mesocosm and the community structure was analyzed by PCR–DGGE. The 16 S r RNA gene DGGE banding patterns and sequence analysis demonstrated that biostimulation had the lowest effect on microbial biodiversity in the mesocosms; however, the biodiversity of the marine microbial community dramatically decreased in the CBM(Shannon index was 0.6 in T3). The community structures among the three mesocosms were also markedly different,and major bacteria derived from DGGE bands were related to uncultured Gamma Proteobacteria. The biodegradation results show that the Single Bioaugmentation Mesocosm(SBM) system had the highest percentage of degradation(95%) in comparison to the BM mesocosm(80%) and CBM(70%).     

南京市化学原料及化学制品制造业能源消耗预测

化学原料及化学制品制造业作为南京市高能耗、高污染产业,对其能源消耗总量及能源消耗结构进行预测,对节能减排具有重要意义。以2002—2012年能源消耗量弱化之后的数据为原始数据,运用灰色GM(1,1)模型对2013—2020年南京市化学原料及化学制品制造业能源消耗总量以及主要能耗进行了预测。由于部分原始数据序列光滑性较差,所建预测模型的精度较低,使用平均弱化缓冲算子对其进行处理。结果表明,处理之后建模精度提高,预测的结果更加准确。     

中国废弃电器电子产品回收体系发展现状及建议研究

随着中国电子产业的飞速发展和人们消费水平的提高,电器电子产品的拥有量和报废量都持续攀升,废弃电器电子产品(以下简称“废电器”)已成为中国增长速度最快的固体废弃物之一。如何规范有效的回收废电器,建立正规回收渠道,完善回收管理体系是中国废电器管理面临的难题之一。通过对中国废电器的定义、特点以及回收链特征进行概述,结合中国废电器回收体系的发展现状,综合分析回收体系建立的必要性,对中国废电器回收体系管理提出对策和建议。     

高锰酸钾去除水中甲硫醚的效能及动力学研究

通过烧杯试验研究水处理常用氧化剂KMnO_4氧化水中甲硫醚的效能,探讨了KMnO_4投加量、甲硫醚初始质量浓度、p H值及腐殖酸质量浓度对氧化反应的影响,并对反应动力学及氧化产物进行了分析。结果表明:不同剂量的KMnO_4氧化甲硫醚反应在t=10 min内已基本完成,去除率达99%;随KMnO_4投加量增加,去除率和反应速率增加;KMnO_4过量条件下甲硫醚初始质量浓度对反应速率和去除率无影响;p H值对反应速率常数影响较显著,当p H=6.85时,反应速率常数达到最大;0~30 mg/L的腐殖酸对甲硫醚去除率基本无影响,但对反应速率有一定的抑制作用。腐殖酸质量浓度在0~15 mg/L变化时,反应速率常数基本不变;腐殖酸质量浓度从15 mg/L增大到20mg/L时,反应速率常数迅速变小,反应进程变慢;而当腐殖酸质量浓度大于等于20 mg/L时,反应速率常数又基本不变。KMnO_4氧化甲硫醚的反应符合二级反应动力学模型,二级反应的动力学常数k=0.647 L/(min·mg)。通过GC/MS对反应产物分析发现,KMnO_4可将甲硫醚氧化为二甲基亚砜。因此,KMnO_4是一种高效、快速的去除水中甲硫醚的氧化剂。     

Shared values for the marine environment – developing a culture of practice for marine spatial planning

Though still relatively new, the development of marine spatial planning has been based on the on the premise that as a rational planning process, it can be applied following universal principles and steps informed by land-based inspired theoretical underpinnings. However, within this process, differences between marine and terrestrial environments are being overlooked, potentially affecting the way in which the marine environment is understood and valued, and the development of a culture of practice for, and specific to, marine spatial planning. By framing planning as a cultural construct, this paper aims to explore the extent to which land-based rationales are affecting the development of a marine spatial planning culture of practice, with its own ethos and shared values. A culturalised planning model adapted from [Knieling, J. and Othengrafen, F. (2015). Planning culture—a concept to explain the evolution of planning policies and processes in Europe? European Planning Studies, 23(11), 2133–2147] is used as a framework. Whilst acknowledging the importance of the contributions from land-based planning and the ecological sciences, the findings suggest that those unconscious beliefs and perceptions affecting society’s understanding of the marine environment should contribute to informing shared values for marine spatial planning practice.     

IAEA programme on the quality of marine radioactivity data

Society's growing interest in environmental issues requires the production of reliable information for policy-makers, stakeholders and society in general. This information must be based on accurate data produced by qualified laboratories and data need to be comparable between numerous laboratories for joint assessments, e.g. in International Conventions. The Marine Environment Laboratories of the International Atomic Energy Agency has been providing Quality Assurance services to laboratories involved in marine radioactivity studies for the past 30 years. This has included training, organization of laboratory intercomparison exercises, production of Reference Materials (RMs) and more recently, production of Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) that comply with relevant ISO standards. Here, the overall process of Certification of Reference Materials is reviewed, past work summarized and future needs of marine radioactivity laboratories briefly discussed.     

北京北天堂填埋场矿化垃圾筛上物特性分析

为解决丰台北天堂垃圾填埋场600～700t/d矿化垃圾筛上物的处置问题,对其理化性质进行了分析,结果表明:矿化垃圾筛上物中以塑料、砖瓦灰土及木竹3类为主,可燃组分达65%以上,不可燃组分为33%左右;湿基热值为11806.6kJ/kg,灰分含量达40%左右,挥发分仅为25.19%;C、H、O含量较高。矿化垃圾筛上物各组分中:塑料、木竹、织物、细土的含水率均在20%以上;塑料、橡胶的热值均为16736kJ/kg以上,木竹和织物的热值为10460kJ/kg左右;塑料、织物、木竹、橡胶等可燃物的挥发分含量均在50%以上;塑料、橡胶中的N含量较少,但含氯量均较高,织物中C、H、O含量较高。矿化垃圾筛上物仍需要进一步的处理,将可燃组分与无机组分分离,可燃物焚烧利用,无机组分建材利用。     

日本海洋环境质量标准体系现状及启示

岛国日本一直致力于海洋资源开发和海洋环境保护,研究日本海洋环境保护政策的重要内容,环境质量标准体系,具有重要意义.根据日本海洋环境监测的实施状况,分析了日本海洋环境质量标准体系的构成,概述了其主要内容.目前日本的海洋环境质量标准体系由环境质量标准项目、标准限值、分析方法、监测方法、评价方法和表征方法等构成;并根据社会需要和科技发展不断调整,其监控要求、手段、监测频次和控制力度层次不同,体现了从防患于未然到国家严格控制的污染物监测管理的需要.     

Decomposition of forest products buried in landfills

The objective of this study was to investigate the decomposition of selected wood and paper products in landfills. The decomposition of these products under anaerobic landfill conditions results in the generation of biogenic carbon dioxide and methane, while the un-decomposed portion represents a biogenic carbon sink. Information on the decomposition of these municipal waste components is used to estimate national methane emissions inventories, for attribution of carbon storage credits, and to assess the life-cycle greenhouse gas impacts of wood and paper products. Hardwood (HW), softwood (SW), plywood (PW), oriented strand board (OSB), particleboard (PB), medium-density fiberboard (MDF), newsprint (NP), corrugated container (CC) and copy paper (CP) were buried in landfills operated with leachate recirculation, and were excavated after approximately 1.5 and 2.5 yr. Samples were analyzed for cellulose (C), hemicellulose (H), lignin (L), volatile solids (VS), and organic carbon (OC). A holocellulose decomposition index (HOD) and carbon storage factor (CSF) were calculated to evaluate the extent of solids decomposition and carbon storage. Samples of OSB made from HW exhibited cellulose plus hemicellulose (C + H) loss of up to 38%, while loss for the other wood types was 0–10% in most samples. The C + H loss was up to 81%, 95% and 96% for NP, CP and CC, respectively. The CSFs for wood and paper samples ranged from 0.34 to 0.47 and 0.02 to 0.27 g OC g^?1 dry material, respectively. These results, in general, correlated well with an earlier laboratory-scale study, though NP and CC decomposition measured in this study were higher than previously reported.