From the attitude-behaviour-gap to a producer-people-gap?

The so-called attitude-behaviour-gap of ecology might have changed to a ?producer-people-gap”. In summer 2017 in Germany, the intention of private house-builders to buy an exterior insulation system based on renewable materials was measured as positive, with a mean of 5.2 on a 1–7 Likert scale. But the intentions of professionals were clearly below, e.g. craftsmen, with an average of 3.6 on the same scale – although both groups, the privates and the professionals, judged that there is a clear trend towards such products.

Because of these findings, an additional investigation of management by producers was conducted in autumn and winter 2017/2018, in which a very critical atmosphere towards renewable materials was found. It was analyzed that the managements` attitudes might not be a basic refusal of renewable material in general, but rather a fear of costs of research and development of new products.

A concept was tested, to see if it would be possible to cause an attitude change within the professional key target groups just by applying marketing instruments. Five articles in key media of this market have been published between February and May 2018. In the following evaluation (n = 150) in May 2018 significant effects of the communication have been measured: The intention of decision-makers in craftsmen`s businesses to buy an exterior insulation system based on renewable material rose significantly (0.01 Lv.) from a mean of 3.6 in 2017 to 4.4 in 2018.     

Does the presence of non-breeders enhance the fitness of breeders? An experimental analysis in the clown anemonefish<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Amphiprion percula</Emphasis>

The stability of animal societies depends on individuals decisions about whether to tolerate or evict others and about whether to stay or leave. These decisions, in turn, depend on individuals costs and benefits of living in the group. The clown anemonefish, Amphiprion percula, lives in groups composed of a breeding pair and zero to four non-breeders. To determine why breeders accept the presence of non-breeders in this species I investigated the effect of non-breeders on multiple components of the breeders fitness. Non-breeders did not assist breeders in any obvious way. Experimental removal of non-breeders had no significant effect on the survival, growth, or reproductive success of breeders. Experimental removal of one of the breeding pair showed that non-breeders had little effect on the time taken for a widowed breeder to recommence breeding. The results indicate that the presence of non-breeders neither enhances, nor reduces, the fitness of breeders in A. percula. I suggest that non-breeders might modulate their effect on the fitness of breeders, either by reducing the costs they inflict or by increasing the benefits they provide, such that it just pays breeders to tolerate, rather than to evict, them. This study illustrates that animal societies can be stable even when some individuals gain nothing from the association.Communicated by M. Abrahams     

The Irish Sea: towards a more effective science strategy

The Irish Sea’s distinctive hydrographic features present unique opportunities for research into the complex processes that regulate shelf-sea ecosystems. Such studies are essential in developing capabilities to detect and evaluate change in marine environments. A 1993 review showed almost 230 projects underway on the Irish Sea, spanning all the major fields of marine science. But a large proportion of research projects failed to indicate the purpose of the work; overall, there was a remarkable absence of clarity and specificity in the objectives. Progress in some fields is also hampered by insufficient coordination and cohesion; at present there are no standing arrangements between Ireland and the United Kingdom that provide for bilateral co-ordination of scientific work in the area. There is clearly a need for a more planned and integrated Irish Sea science programme to provide information for management purposes and also to advance scientific understanding of the components and functions of Irish Sea ecosystems, and how and why they change with time. There is a common belief that the first of these predominantly involves monitoring, and the second research. However, the paper cautions that this is a dubious and unnecessary distinction. A strategy aimed at better integration of research and monitoring (e.g. a framework of linked objectives and targets) could substantially increase the information dividend from current investments in Irish Sea science. Based on a joint Irish/UK review, this paper outlines studies and approaches that are seen as key elements of a future, more relevant and cost-effective research programme for the Irish Sea.     

生态生产：一种重要的生产形式

生态生产指构成生态系统的各要素在相互依存、制约和作用过程中的物质循环和能量流动。一个健全的生态生产须具备两个基本条件，一是构成要素的不可缺少性或构成要素应有足够的数量保证，二是生态生产各要素之间要有一种优化协调的关系。长期以来，人们关注的主要是生态生产的社会化，而忽视了社会生产的生态化要求，结果造成社会生产与生态生产之间尖锐的矛盾，处理地社会生产与生态生产的相互关系，必须遵循物质生产和人口生产一定     

Screening life cycle assessment (LCA) of tomato ketchup: a case study

A screening life cycle assessment (LCA) of tomato ketchup has been carried out. The purpose was to identify ‘hot-spots', that is parts of the life-cycle that are important to the total environmental impact. The system investigated includes agricultural production, industrial refining, packaging, transportation, consumption and waste management. Energy use and emissions were quantified and some of the potential environmental effects assessed. Packaging and food processing were found to be hot-spots for many, but not all, of the impact categories investigated. For primary energy use, the storage time in a refrigerator (household phase) was found to be a critical parameter.     

国民生产总值“绿化”问题的综合分析

在环境科学领域中，通常把从环境的角度出发对国民生产总值ＧＮＰ进行改进的问题称为国民生产总值的“绿化”问题，本文综合地分析了国民生产总值这一指标中存在的问题和已有改进方法的不足，并提出了进一步改进的方向和应注意的问题．     

水解(酸化)——生物接触氧化处理水产品加工废水

对水解(酸化)-生物接触氧化工艺处理水产品加工废水进行了试验研究,试验结果表明在水温20℃、总HRT＞6h、进水COD值1000～1300mg/l、BOD5值510～690mg/l、SS值150～300mg/l情况下,COD去除率大于89%,BOD5去除率大于92%,SS去除率大于89%,出水COD、B0D5、SS值均达到国家二级排放标准(GB8978-1996),最高有机容积去除负荷达3.9kgCOD/m3@d.水产品加工废水经水解(酸化)处理以后BOD5/COD值可由原水的0.52提高到出水的0.67,可生化性得到显著提高.     

中国海岸侵蚀危害及其防治

防治海岸侵蚀是减灾防灾的一项重要内容．本文从海岸侵蚀的产生机理出发，针对其造成危害的侵蚀分布特点加以论述，并给出了应采取的整治对策．     

Marine shrimp aquaculture and natural resource degradation in Thailand

Rising demand for shrimp in the developed nations has helped to foster a dramatic growth in marine shrimp aquaculture, particularly in South America and South Asia. In Thailand, Marine shrimp aquaculture is now an important earmer of foreign exchange. The growth in Production has been achieved through the expansion of the culture area and the adoption of intensive production methods. The conversion of near-shore areas to shrimp culture, however, is proving to have many consequences that impinge on the environmental integrity of coastal areas. This paper reviews the development of Thailand's marine shrimp culture industry and examines the nature of the environmental impacts that are emerging. It then discusses the implications these have for rural poor and the long-term viability of the culture industry.     

Effects of drilling fluids on marine bacteria from a Nigerian offshore oilfield

Two marine bacterial isolates from drill mud cuttings obtained from Agbara oilfield,Staphylococcus sp. andBacillus sp., were cultured aerobically in the presence of varying concentrations (0, 25, 50, and 75 μg/ml) of drilling fluids to determine the effects of concentration of toxicants on their growth. With the exception of Clairsol, Enviromul, and Baroid mineral oil, which had little or no effect, the exponential growth ofBacillus sp. was depressed by all other test chemicals. Additionally, all test chemicals except Clairsol had no effect on lag phase of growth ofBacillus sp. WithStaphylococcus sp. the depressive effect on the exponential phase of growth was shown by almost all test chemicals. There was enhancement of both growth rate and generation times ofStaphylococcus sp. and decrease of those ofBacillus sp. with increasing concentrations of drilling fluids. These results show that while some drilling fluids may be stimulatory or depressive to bacterial growth, others may be without effect.