金属振动塑性加工中体积效应的机理分析

基于应变叠加原理的基本思想.阐释了金属振动塑性加工平均应力减小的原因,给出了体积效应机理的数学描述.     

环保科研机构后勤部门企业化管理的思考

随着环保科技体制改革的不断深入，环保科研机构后勤部门走向市场，实行企业化管理，经济上独立核算，已成为今后生存与发展的趋势，环保科研机构后勤部门的生产活动是以提供服务为主，且在满足内部需要的基础上再面向社会、文章针对环保科研机构后勤部门的现状，存在的问题以及所具有的特点，运用企业管理的人本原理，系统原理，经济效益原理以及激励理论和目标管理理论，从思想认识，管理方法，经营理念等方面着手，提出企业化管理的思路。     

中美大气污染防治法之比较

本文从立法目的和调整重点、管理体制、调控机制、防治战略、管理措施和实验保障等方面对中美两国的大气污染防治进行了初步比较，并对完善中国的大气污染防治法提出了一些建议。     

WTO对与环境有关的贸易争端的解决机制

环境与贸易的联系日趋紧密,与环境有关的国际贸易争端将越来越多.WTO为解决这类争端做出了有益尝试和不懈努力,并初见成效.该组织的争端解决机制包括法律渊源、参与争端解决的机构、解决纠纷的程序三个方面,其中解决纠纷的程序包括磋商、成立专家小组、专家小组工作、专家小组报告、上诉、复审、仲裁,已有明显的司法化特点.这一机制仍有许多不足之处,应从多方面进行完善和发展.但它使国际贸易法史上有了一个能有效进行国际环境、贸易争端处理的超国家机构,具有重大意义.中国入世后,更要研究这一机制,利用其规则维护国家环境权益.     

关于老虎洞白云岩及其上“粗晶灰岩”的形成机制

下扬子区石炭系老虎洞白云岩的形成认为是被蒸发泵吸作用稍加改变的浅淡含水层与海水混合白云岩化的结果,并特别强调准同生期灰泥潮坪受蒸发泵吸作用形成的白云石籽晶在混合白云岩化中的动力学作用;其上“粗晶灰岩”的形成则是经历了白云化——溶解——菱面体孔隙形成及其相互连接——地下缝洞层的形成——粗晶方解石在缝洞空间自由生长——垮塌——再胶结的复杂过程。     

Mechanism of concentration addition toxicity: they are different for nonpolar narcotic chemicals, polar narcotic chemicals and reactive chemicals

According to the toxicity mechanism of the individual chemicals, the concentration addition toxicity mechanism is revealed for nonpolar-narcotic-chemical mixtures, polar-narcotic-chemical mixtures and reactive-chemical mixtures, respectively. For nonpolar-narcotic-chemical mixtures, the partitioning of individual chemicals from water to biophase was determined, and the result shows that their concentration additive effect results from no competitive partitioning among individual chemicals. For polar-narcotic-chemical mixtures, their toxicity are contributed by two factors (the total baseline toxicity and the hydrogen bond donor activity of individual chemicals), and it is the concentration additive effect for either of these two factors that leads to their concentration addition toxicity. In addition, the interactions between the reactive chemicals and the biological macromolecules are discussed thoroughly. The results suggest that the net effect of these interactions is zero, and it is this zero net effect that leads to the concentration addition toxicity mechanism for reactive-chemical mixtures.     

Numerical study on the spontaneous ignition of pressurized hydrogen during its sudden release into the tube with varying lengths and diameters

Fuel cell vehicles (FCV) and other hydrogen systems with pressurized hydrogen has a safety hazard of spontaneous ignition during its sudden release into the tube. Tube parameter is a key factor affecting the spontaneous ignition of pressurized hydrogen. In this paper, a numerical study on the spontaneous ignition of pressurized hydrogen during its sudden release into the tube with varying lengths and diameters is conducted. The models of Large Eddy Simulation (LES), Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC), Renormalization Group (RNG), 10-step like opening process of burst disk and 18-step detailed hydrogen combustion mechanism are employed. 6 cases are simulated based on the previous experiments. Numerical results show that the possibility of spontaneous ignition of pressurized hydrogen increases inside the longer and thinner tubes, which agrees with the experimental results. The increasing of tube length has little influence on the shock wave formation and propagation inside the tube. However, there exists critical tube lengths for the generation of Mach disk and the normal shock wave: the maximum and minimum distances for the generation of the Mach disk in 10 mm diameter tube are 7.8 and 6.7 mm, respectively. As for the normal shock wave, these critical values are 22.1 and 19.4 mm, respectively. In addition, the formation times and initial positions of Mach disk and normal shock wave are delayed inside the thicker tube. Due to the shock-affected time increases with the increasing of tube length, the temperature could rise to the critical ignition temperature and triggers the spontaneous ignition due to the sufficient tube length even though the less hydrogen/air mixture and the contact surface with lower temperature is produced inside the thicker tube. Finally, a simple time scale analysis is conducted.     

A data support infrastructure for Clean Development Mechanism forestry implementation: an inventory perspective from Cameroon

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) forestry project development requires highly multi-disciplinary and multiple-source information that can be complex, cumbersome and costly to acquire. Yet developing countries in which CDM projects are created and implemented are often data poor environments and unable to meet such complex information requirements. Using Cameroon as an example, the present paper explores the structure of an enabling host country data support infrastructure for CDM forestry implementation, and also assesses the supply potential of current forestry information. Results include a conceptual data model of CDM project data needs; the list of meso- and macro-level data and information requirements (Demand analysis); and an inventory of relevant data available in Cameroon (Supply analysis). From a comparison of demand and supply, we confirm that data availability and the relevant infrastructure for data or information generation is inadequate for supporting carbon forestry at the micro, meso and macro-levels in Cameroon. The results suggest that current CDM afforestation and reforestation information demands are almost impenetrable for local communities in host countries and pose a number of cross-scale barriers to project adoption. More importantly, we identify proactive regulatory, institutional and capacity building policy strategies for forest data management improvements that could enhance biosphere carbon management uptake in poor countries. CDM forestry information research needs are also highlighted.     

表面活性剂对污泥沉降及压滤脱水性能的影响

研究表面活性剂对污泥脱水性能的影响,并探讨其作用机理。实验结果表明,表面活性剂与Fe3 和CaO联用能有效提高污泥的机械脱水程度。表面活性剂的作用机理是,分散作用使污泥絮体结构分散解体,释放出原絮体内部的结合水;增溶作用可溶解有高度水合作用的ECP,减少污泥颗粒间的间隙水。对于压滤脱水,当表面活性剂的加入量为1.5mg·L-1时,脱水污泥的体积比不加表面活性剂的降低6%左右;     

石墨炉原子化机理研究方法评述

评述了近年来石墨炉原子化机理研究中用得较多的研究方法,包括热力学方法、动力学方法、原子吸收光谱法、X射线衍射法、X射线光电子能谱法、俄歇电子能谱法、扫描电镜法、分子吸收光谱法和质谱法.每种方法均有其优缺点,综合运用多种研究方法,特别是理论研究与实验研究相结合,更好地阐明原子化机理.