太湖湖滨带春季悬浮物沉降特征与水体营养盐响应

为研究湖滨带悬浮物沉降过程中水体营养盐时空分布状况,在太湖西岸湖滨带典型区域进行原位沉降实验,计算了沉降量和沉降通量,并对沉降过程中TP、TN、NH+4-N、NO-3-N测定分析.结果表明,太湖西岸湖滨带沉降通量表现为人工芦苇区近岸无植被区自然芦苇区远岸无植被区,平均沉降通量分别为(1 383.40±925.60)、(1 208.67±743.50)、(278.72±142.53)、(245.58±154.25)g·(m2·d)-1,沉降第6 d以后沉降量稳定上升,沉降速率大于分解速率;经过持续15 d野外沉降实验观测,沉降过程中近岸带的TP含量是远岸带的2~3倍,且沉积物捕获器内NH+4-N和NO-3-N含量出现显著的差异(P0.01);沉降量与水体TN和NH+4-N含量呈显著相关(P0.01,n=42),表明沉降量的增加会导致上覆水体TN与NH+4-N含量增加;TN与NH+4-N相关系数为0.84,显示沉降量的增加可能加速氮素不同形态间相互转化,这一现象在当前太湖湖泛治理中应当予以重视.     

膜生物反应器在高浓度有机废水处理中的应用

介绍了膜生物反应器 (MBR)在高浓度有机废水中的应用。实验结果表明 ,系统对COD、氨氮的去除率较高 ,但出水浓度仍然较高 ,出水几乎监测不到SS。另外 ,膜的通量下降很快 ,维持在较低的水平。     

陆架浅海沉积物-海水界面溶质通量的计算方法及其应用

陆架浅海沉积物—海水界面上的溶解态生源物质通量的准确估算是海洋生态系统动力学研究中的关键性问题之一。由于底栖生物活动以及海流、海浪及潮波与海底地形地物相互作用的影响 ,使得该通量的准确估算十分困难。本文综合分析讨论了近年来提出的各种计算该类通量的物理模型及参数的确定方法 ,并结合在中国黄、东海等陆架浅海水层—底栖生态动力学耦合模型研究的需要 ,比较深入地讨论了应用过程中应该考虑的几个问题     

Risks of using membrane filtration for trace metal analysis and assessing the dissolved metal fraction of aqueous media--a study on zinc, copper and nickel

Membrane filtration is commonly performed for solid-liquid separation of aqueous solutions prior to trace metal analysis and when assessing “dissolved” metal fractions. Potential artifacts induced by filtration such as contamination and/or adsorption of metals within the membrane have been investigated for different membrane materials, metals, applied pressures and pre-cleaning steps. Measurements have been conducted on aqueous solutions including well-defined metal standards, ultrapure water, and on runoff water from corroded samples.Filtration using both non-cleaned and pre-cleaned filters revealed contamination and adsorption effects, in particular pronounced for zinc, evident for copper but non-significant for nickel. The results clearly show these artifacts to be non-systematic both for non-cleaned and pre-cleaned membranes. The applied pressure was of minor importance.Measurements of the labile fraction by means of stripping voltammetry clearly elucidate that membrane filtration followed by total metal analysis cannot accurately assess the labile or the dissolved metal fraction.     

Isolation and characterization of lead-tolerant Ochrobactrum intermedium and its role in enhancing lead accumulation by Eucalyptus camaldulensis

In this study, the potential of rhizospheric bacteria in promoting the growth and Pb accumulation by the woody plant Eucalyptus camaldulensis under hydroponic conditions was investigated for the first time. Three Pb-tolerant bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of E. camaldulensis grown in Pb-contaminated soils in the Bo Ngam Pb mine, Thailand. Based on analysis of partial 16S rRNA gene sequence, the three isolates were identified as Microbacterium paraoxydans BN-2, Ochrobactrum intermedium BN-3, and Bacillus fusiformis BN-4. Among these strains, O. intermedium BN-3 showed the highest tolerance to not only Pb but also Cd and Zn. After growth in the presence of Pb, the membranes of O. intermedium BN-3 cells exhibited an increase in unsaturated fatty acid levels but a decrease in fluidity. In hydroponic studies, inoculation of O. intermedium BN-3 significantly increased the biomass and Pb accumulation by E. camaldulensis compared to the uninoculated control. The results suggested the role of the natural rhizospheric bacteria localized to the root surface of E. camaldulensis in promoting Pb accumulation and plant growth. Our results indicate that O. intermedium BN-3 and other indigenous rhizospheric bacteria have the potential to improve the efficiency of phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated sites.     

Chitosan/albumin/CaCO3 as mimics for membrane bioreactor fouling: genesis of structural mineralized-EPS-building blocks and cake layer compressibility

Membrane bioreactor biofouling is usually described as an extracellular matrix in which biopolymers, inorganic salts and active microbes co-exist. For that reason, biomineralization (BM) models can be useful to describe the spatial organization and environmental constraints within the referred scenario. BM arguments were utilized as background in order to (1) evaluate CaCO₃ influence on flux decline; pore blocking and cake layer properties (resistance, permeability and compressibility) in a wide range of Chitosan/Bovine serum albumin (BSA) mixtures during step-pressure runs and, (2) perform membrane autopsies in order to explore the genesis of mineralized extracellular building blocks (MEBB) during cake layer build up. Using low molecular weight chitosan (LC) and BSA, 2 L of 5 LC/BSA mixtures (0.25-1.85 ratio) were pumped to an external ultra filtration (UF) membrane (23.5 cm², hydrophobic, piezoelectric, 100 kDa as molecular weight cut-off). Eight different pressure steps (40 ± 7 to 540 ± 21 kPa) were applied. Each pressure step was held for 900 s. CaCO₃ was added to LC/BSA mixtures at 0.5, 1.5 and 3 mM in order to create MEBB during the filtration tests. Membrane autopsies were performed after the filtration tests using thermo gravimetric, scanning microscopy and specific membrane mass (mg cm⁻²) analyses. Biopolymer-CaCO₃ step-pressure filtration created compressible cake layers (with inner voids). The formation of an internal skeleton of MEBB may contribute to irreversible fouling consolidation. A hypothesis for MEBB genesis and development was set forth.     

可变径管道漏磁检测有限元仿真与实验研究

为了更好地支持压力管道检验,降低事故率,本文基于漏磁检测原理,利用有限元分析软件建立了管道外漏磁检测模型,对管道漏磁检测进行了仿真计算,得到了缺陷处漏磁场特征曲线,模拟了圆柱形缺陷对管道外壁漏磁场的影响,得出了不同参数缺陷对漏磁场的影响规律,并且基于理论和有限元计算结果试制了可变径管道外漏磁检测仪的样机,利用该检测仪对壁厚为8mm的带有人工缺陷的管道进行扫描检测,研究不同参数缺陷对漏磁场信号的影响规律。结果表明,所得结果与有限元仿真的结果吻合良好,且缺陷检测精度及效果满足要求,另外,检测装置对内外壁缺陷检测同样可行有效,适合特种设备（压力管道）检测的工程应用。     

规模化人工湿地的温室气体释放通量

基于规模化人工湿地工程——武河湿地的野外原位监测试验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了人工湿地中温室气体(N₂O、CH₄和CO₂)释放特征与规律. 结果表明,武河湿地工程的N₂O和CH₄平均释放通量分别为14.35和35.54 mg/(m2·d),表现为N₂O、CH₄的释放源,但其释放通量低于城市污水处理厂;湿地(主要包括水体和土壤生物呼吸)的CO₂平均释放通量为2 889.4 mg/(m2·d). 人工湿地沿程N₂O、CH₄和CO₂释放特征有所不同,平均释放通量呈先升后降规律,在布水渠处N₂O释放通量最大,为51.92 mg/(m2·d);而6#溢流堰处CH₄释放通量最大,为182.03 mg/(m2·d). 人工湿地中温室气体释放亦具有明显的季节变化规律,表现为春夏季高于秋冬季.      

反渗透用于APT离子交换废水的处理与回用

试验分别研究了反渗透膜Duraslick RO2540和RE2540-TE对APT冶炼离子交换废水的处理效果。研究结果表明,在最佳压力条件下,Duraslick RO2540膜对Cl-的截留率为91.4%,产水率为16.9%;RE2540-TE膜对Cl-的截留率为93.4%,产水率为17.2%。在压力为1.7MPa,温度为25℃时,浓缩实验结果表明,产水中Cl-浓度和膜的截留率随着时间变化而逐渐增加,但膜通量逐渐减小,且RE2540-TE膜通量下降幅度较大。清洗后,RE2540-TE膜通量损失达到6%,而Duraslick RO2540膜通量恢复幅度为98%。     

土地利用变化对喀斯特水体溶解无机碳、总氮和总磷输出的影响——以贵州普定沙湾模拟试验场为例

耦联水生光合作用的碳酸盐岩风化碳汇是全球碳循环研究的关键问题,生物碳泵效应不仅能够稳定碳酸盐风化碳汇,也有利于改善水环境,而过量输入氮、磷会导致水环境变差。土地利用变化作为全球变化重要内容之一,对流域碳氮磷的输出具有重要影响,但关于土地利用变化对喀斯特水体溶解无机碳、总氮和总磷输出影响的研究有待进一步加强。本研究以贵州普定沙湾喀斯特试验场为研究对象,以研究土地利用变化对水文、水化学、溶解无机碳汇通量、总氮通量和总磷通量的影响。结果表明,流量、径流深、土壤CO₂浓度、pCO₂、HCO^-₃浓度和电导率呈现出夏秋季节高、春冬季节低的变化特征,与pH变化相反。样地间,土壤CO₂浓度、pCO₂、HCO^-₃浓度和电导率表现为草地>灌丛地>农耕地>裸土地>裸岩地,与pH变化相反。参与岩溶作用的土壤CO₂是造成水化学变化的主要原因。溶解无机碳汇通量和总氮通量呈现出夏秋季节高、春冬季节...