Insight into the distribution of metallic elements in membrane bioreactor: Influence of operational temperature and role of extracellular polymeric substances

The distribution of metallic elements in a submerged membrane bioreactor(MBR) was revealed at different temperatures using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES), and the role of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) was probed by integrating scanning electron microscopy(SEM) with confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM) over long-term operation. More metallic elements in the influent were captured by suspended sludge and built up in the fouling layer at lower temperature. The concentration of metallic elements in the effluent was 5.60 mg/L at 10°C operational temperature, far lower than that in the influent(51.35 mg/L). The total contents of metallic elements in suspended sludge and the membrane fouling layer increased to 40.20 and 52.19 mg/g at 10°C compared to 35.14 and 32.45 mg/g at 30°C, and were dominated by the organically bound fraction. The EPS contents in suspended sludge and membrane fouling layer sharply increased to 37.88 and 101.51 mg/g at 10°C, compared to 16.87 and 30.03 mg/g at 30°C. The increase in EPS content at lower temperature was responsible for the deposition of more metallic ions. The strong bridging between EPS and metallic elements at lower temperature enhanced the compactness of the fouling layer and further decreased membrane flux. This was helpful for understanding the mechanism of membrane fouling at different operational temperatures and the role of EPS, and also of significance for the design of cleaning strategies for fouled membranes after long-term operation.     

基于微生物完整性指数的苏州市湿地健康评价

为建立在不同区域和不同湿地等大尺度范围内M-IBI（微生物生物完整性指数）评价方法体系,以苏州市15个湿地公园作为研究对象,构建符合区域性特征的生物完整性评价体系并进行应用研究.分别于2015年、2016年和2017年每年的7月对苏州市15个湿地公园的入流口和出流口水质进行采样调查,将采样点分为对照点、受损点和修复点,基于湿地水环境中微生物群落Illumina高通量测序技术,依据候选指标分布范围检验、敏感性分析和相关性检验,筛选出香农指数、前2优势分类单元相对丰度（相对丰度最多的2个属）总和、高温耐受属相对丰度、污染耐受属相对丰度、TN（总氮）敏感属相对丰度5个指标,提出了参数标准化公式和健康评价标准,依此将苏州市湿地健康状态划分为健康、亚健康、一般、较差、差5个等级.结果表明:①在10个受损点3 a所采集的30个样品中,有2个处于较差水平,有5个处于一般水平,有18个处于亚健康水平,有5个处于健康水平;而对于修复点,有23个样点处于健康水平,7个样点处于亚健康水平.②在农业面源污染较多的湿地入流口健康状况最差,工业用水汇入较多的湿地入流口次之,而城市景观水汇入的湿地入流口的健康状况最好.研究显示,M-IBI可以较合理地评价苏州市湿地生态系统健康状况,湿地对水环境的修复作用明显,经修复后的水体均处于健康或亚健康水平.      

Purification, characterization and application of dual coagulants containing chitosan and different Al species in coagulation and ultrafiltration process

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different Al species and chitosan (CS) dosages on coagulation performance, floc characteristics (floc sizes, strength and regrowth ability and fractal dimension) and membrane resistance in a coagulation–ultrafiltration hybrid process. Results showed that different Al species combined with humic acid in diverse ways. Al_a had better removal efficiency, as determined by UV₂₅₄ and dissolved organic carbon, which could be further improved by the addition of CS. In addition, the optimal dosage of different Al species was determined to be 4.0 mg/L with the CS concentration of 1.0 mg/L, by orthogonal coagulation experiments. Combining Al_a/Al_b/Al_c with CS resulted in larger flocs, higher recovery, and higher fractal dimension values corresponding to denser flocs; in particular, the floc size at the steady state stage was four times larger than that obtained with Al species coagulants alone. The results of ultrafiltration experiments indicated that the external fouling percentage was significantly higher than that of internal fouling, at around 85% and 15%, respectively. In addition, the total membrane resistance was significantly decreased due to CS addition.     

安全仪表系统的性能维护及指标值计算

安全仪表系统（SIS）作为保障工业生产安全的重要措施,需要在危险发生时正确地执行其安全功能,采取有效措施维持安全仪表系统在运行阶段的性能是保障系统功能安全的关键。详细阐明了SIS在运行阶段应遵循风险评估分析、安全功能分配文件、安全要求规范、安全分析报告、安全完整性等级符合性等重要文档中的要求,给出了维持SIS安全完整性的主要活动,并在加强旁路、禁止和超驰控制管理,对SIS失效的响应、记录和分析,进行定期检查、维护和功能测试以及安全仪表系统的变更管理等方面提出了要求。提出了SIS的安全性能指标及目标值的简易计算方法,给出失效率更新流程、计算方法和功能安全测试间隔调整技术。所提的技术方法为如何保证安全仪表系统运行阶段的安全性能提供了有力指导,其可操作性强,便于在实际工程中进行应用。     

An evaluation approach using a HARA and FMEDA for the hardware SIL

Safety instrumented systems (SIS) are becoming increasingly complex, and form a growing proportion of programmable electronic parts. The IEC 61508 global standard was established to ensure the functional safety of SIS; however, it was expressed in highly macroscopic terms. The safety integrity level (SIL) is a criterion describing whether a component meets the safety requirements of a SIS. The safety requirements give a target SIL for the expected risks using hazard analysis and risk assessment (HARA). The SIL must correspond to the safety requirements. This study introduces an evaluation process for determining the hardware SIL through failure modes, effects, and diagnostic analysis (FMEDA). First, the components of the SIS subsystem are defined in terms of failure modes and effects, and then the failure rate and failure mechanism distribution are assigned to each component. The safety mode and detectability of each failure mode are determined for each component and, finally, the hardware SIL is evaluated. We perform a case study to evaluate the hardware SIL of the flame scanner system using HARA and FMEDA, where the safety requirement of the flame scanner was determined using the risk graph method. We verified that the hardware SIL of the flame scanner corresponded to the safety requirement.     

实施功能安全标准完善安全评估体系

从功能安全标准的进展和功能安全评估的现状两个方面进行了论述,强调了实施安全仪表系统功能安全评估的重要意义,并提出了建议。     

Integrated assessment of river health based on the conditions of water quality,aquatic life and physical habitat

The health conditions of Liao River were assessed using 25 sampling sites in April 2005, with water quality index, biotic index and physical habitat quality index.Based on the method of cluster analysis (CA) for water quality indices, it reveals that heavily polluted sites of Liao River are located at estuary and mainstream.The aquatic species surveyed were attached algae and benthic invertebrates.The result shows that the diversity and biomass of attached algae and benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) are degrading as the chemical and physical quality of water bodies deteriorating.Physiochemical parameters, BOD5, CODCr, TN, TP, NH3-N, DO, petroleum hydrocarbon and conductivity, were statistically analyzed with principal component analysis and correlation analysis.The statistical results were incorporated into the integrated assessing water quality index, combining fecal coliform count, attached algae diversity, B-IBI and physical habitat quality score, a comprehensive integrated assessing system of river ecological health was established.Based on the systimetic assesment, the assessed sites are categorized into 9 "healthy" and "sub-healthy" sites and 8 "sub-sick" and "sick" sites.     

Model-based zero emission safety concept for reactors with exothermal reactions for chemical plants

To avoid major accidents caused by runaway reactions, a new safety concept called SmartHIP¹ is introduced, with the objective to prevent runaway reactions and avoid emissions. The basic principle is based on an online model-based approach by using safety instrumented systems. Different criteria exist for calculating the hazard potential of a runaway reaction and its early detection. The approaches of the literature from the last years are analysed and divided into three different groups: Divergence, Accumulation and Adiabatic Criterion. Each approach is compared to the other by applying it to an esterification reaction of acetic anhydride with methanol. The approaches are evaluated according to different requirements, like accuracy, wide range of application or reliability.     

无机膜分离技术在水处理领域的应用研究

对无机膜分离技术在含油废水、生活污水及工业废水等水处理领域的研究现状、工程实例和应用前景进行综述,指出无机膜具有耐高温、耐腐蚀、耐污染、机械强度高等优异性能,在苛刻反应条件下的工业废水处理方面优势明显,尤其是陶瓷微滤和超滤膜在水处理领域的商品化应用已日渐成熟和稳定,并提出未来在无机膜应用领域的发展方向.     

安全完整性评价管理模式探讨

介绍了安全完整性评价的主要目的、基本内容及实施情况,实践表明,安全完整性评价适用于识别、分析、评估、消减和控制重要生产单位的安全风险,能够促进全员安全意识和素质的提高,有利于提高HSE管理水平。