活性污泥系统聚糖菌的富集与菌群多样性分析

在实验室规模续批式反应器(SBR)内,采用人工配水作为系统进水,以乙酸钠为唯一碳源,限制进水磷浓度,调整适宜的运行方式对活性污泥进行驯化,培养富集聚糖菌。90 d的培养过程中,系统的进水COD浓度始终维持在260 mg/L左右,进水PO43--P浓度从20 mg/L逐渐降至2 mg/L,系统除磷能力逐渐丧失。系统内活性污泥的TP/TSS从40.5%降至10.4%,污泥中的糖原/TSS从14.5%增至38.2%,同时COD去除率能保持在90%以上,说明系统中成功富集聚糖菌。采用454高通量测序法分析该系统的活性污泥菌群结构,发现α-proteobacteria,β-proteobacteria,γ-proteobacteria 3类细菌占微生物总量的比例达83.78%。在属的等级上,Tepidicella占活性污泥菌群的比例最高,为20.60%。     

Analysis of anaerobic BTX biodegradation in a subarctic aquifer using isotopes and benzylsuccinates

In situ biodegradation of benzene, toluene, and xylenes in a petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated aquifer near Fairbanks, Alaska was assessed using carbon and hydrogen compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of benzene and toluene and analysis of signature metabolites for toluene (benzylsuccinate) and xylenes (methylbenzylsuccinates). Carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios of benzene were between -25.9 per thousand and -26.8 per thousand for delta13C and -119 per thousand and -136 per thousand for delta2H, suggesting that biodegradation of benzene is unlikely at this site. However, biodegradation of both xylenes and toluene were documented in this subarctic aquifer. Biodegradation of xylenes was indicated by the presence of methylbenzylsuccinates with concentrations of 17-50 microg/L in three wells. Anaerobic toluene biodegradation was also indicated by benzylsuccinate concentrations of 10-49 microg/L in the three wells with the highest toluene concentrations (1500-5000 microg/L toluene). Since benzylsuccinate typically accounts for a very small fraction of the toluene present in groundwater (generally <1 mol%), the signature metabolite approach works best at higher toluene concentrations when it is not constrained by detection limits. In wells with lower toluene concentrations (410-640 microg/L), carbon and hydrogen isotopic values were enriched by up to approximately 2 per thousand for delta13C and approximately 70 per thousand for delta2H. This evidence of isotopic fractionation verifies the effects of biodegradation in these low concentration wells where metabolites may already be below detection limits. The combined use of signature metabolite and CSIA data is particularly valuable given the challenge of verifying biodegradation in subarctic environments where degradation rates are typically much slower than in temperate environments.     

Understanding organizational diversity management programs: A theoretical framework and directions for future research

With the changing demographic composition of the workforce, managing diversity in organizations is an important organizational function. Organizations have employed varying approaches to diversity management (DM), resulting in varying organizational outcomes. Meanwhile, researchers have called for more theoretical development within the DM area. We present a framework rooted in social and cross‐cultural psychological research, to foster theory development and empirical testing in the area of DM. We also derive several propositions to guide future research on DM and note some boundary conditions that suggest research opportunities of their own. Our framework contributes a theoretical conceptualization that enhances our understanding of organizations' DM efforts, integrates current typologies, and suggests new directions of inquiry for management scholars as well as guidelines for practitioners in the area. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于鱼类名录的30年来东江干流(惠州段)鱼类多样性变化

为评价东江干流(惠州段)鱼类多样性,并监测其水质变化状况,根据该河段鱼类的调查资料及历史数据,编制了鱼类名录,并计算了鱼类平均分类差异指数和G-F多样性测度指数.结果显示,东江干流(惠州段)共记录近30多年来鱼类11目,29科,77属,94种,鲤形目鱼类占绝对优势;从物种水平看,研究的4个时间段鱼类物种多样性由大到小排序为 、 、 和 ;从科属水平看,鱼类物种多样性由1981~1983向2005~2007减小,再向2007~2010增加,最后向2011~2012减小.其中,1981~1983的多样性最高,2011~2012的多样性最低.平均分类差异指数与G-F多样性测度指数均适宜于东江干流(惠州段)鱼类物种多样性研究.     

柴达木盆地达布逊盐湖微生物多样性研究

本研究采用高通量测序与传统培养技术相结合的方式研究达布逊湖微生物的多样性。结果显示,达布逊盐湖中的细菌多样性与丰度远高于古菌。高通量测序所得的16SrRNA基因序列分别归属广古菌门(Euryarchaeota),放线菌门(Actinobacteria),拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)。广古菌门序列占原核微生物(细菌与古菌之和)的5.5%,以嗜盐的盐杆菌科(Halobacteriaceae)为主,而属于放线菌门、拟杆菌门、变形菌门和疣微菌门的细菌序列分别占原核微生物的53.0%、25.8%、14.1%和1.6%。定量PCR结果显示,达布逊盐湖水体中的细菌和古菌16S rRNA基因丰度分别为3.27×107和4.35×104拷贝/毫升。培养分离获得的纯细菌菌株分别属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)。古菌菌株则分别属于盐杆菌科的盐盒菌属(Haloarcula)、盐红菌属(Halorubrum)和盐棍菌属(Halorhabdus)。本研究为青藏高原盐湖微生物资源的开发和利用提供了有利的数据支持。     

抚顺西露天油页岩可培养微生物的分离与鉴定

为了解油页岩中可培养微生物的多样性,利用稀释平板培养法对我国抚顺盆地西露天组油页岩中可培养微生物进行分离纯化,并对所获菌株进行16S rDNA(细菌)和rDNA ITS(真菌)序列测定和系统发育树分析.以营养琼脂培养基分离到8株细菌,以马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基分离到4株真菌.16S rDNA序列测定结果表明细菌菌株属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),赖氨酸芽孢杆菌属(Lysinibacillus),短杆菌属(Brevibacillus),类芽胞杆菌属(Paenibacillus)和红球菌属(Rhodococcus); rDNA ITS序列测定结果显示真菌菌株分别属于芽枝霉属(Cladosporium),曲霉属(Aspergillus),犁头霉属(Absidia)和正青霉属(Eupenicillium). 2株细菌(ZK4和ZK5)能够在以油页岩为唯一碳源和氮源的固体培养基上连续生长5代以上,且长势良好, 可作为油页岩生物转化的潜力菌株进行深入研究.     

氮素添加对樟树林红壤微生物的影响

为了研究氮素添加对红壤微生物的影响,以湖南植物园樟树红壤林地为研究区,设定了氮素添加的3个水平,即对照N0:0 g·m-2、低氮N1:5 g·m-2和高氮N2:15 g·m-2,利用平板计数法,氯仿熏蒸法和BIOLOG微平板技术,分析了氮素添加1个月和13个月后红壤微生物数量、生物量C、N以及群落功能多样性的响应变化.结果表明,氮素添加1个月后土壤细菌数量显著增加,13个月后显著减少,真菌和放线菌数量变化不明显;氮素添加1个月后,微生物量C、N均随氮素的增加而增加,氮素添加13个月后土壤微生物量C与1个月相比显著增加,土壤微生物量N却有降低的趋势,但差异不显著;土壤微生物的碳源利用率因施氮处理而发生分异.Shannon、Simpson和McIntosh指数的结果显示AWCD在氮素添加不同水平和不同时期有一定的差异,但差异并不显著.     

生物多样性模型研究

通过１９４９年以来在各种出版物上已发表的２７种生物多样性模型分析发现,大多数多样性模型在理论上是不完善的。例如,被应用最广泛的Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ模型至少有４个缺点：①没有考虑物种间生物量的区别；②如果要使用Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ模型,每种物种的个数或每种景观单元的个数不能小于１００；③模型中没有隐含面积参数；④不能够表达多样性的丰富性方面。因此,作者推举了一种理论上完善的综合生物多样性模型,并为了满足实际操作和生物多样性自相似性研究的需要,对其中的一些参数进行了修正     

区域差异与国家污染物排放总量分配

指出国家宏观污染物排放总量分配应该考虑区域差异，定量化分析了我国在经济、 人口、资源、环境方面存在的地区差异，据此提出了国家观污染物排放总量应该遵循原则。     

黄河三角洲浅海滩涂湿地环境污染对鸟类多样性的影响

1996-2001年对黄河三角洲浅海滩涂湿地环境质量。鸟类多样性进行了较为全面的调查监测与研究。评价了环境质量。分析了鸟类种群组成，区系组成，季节居留型及多样性特点，确定了鸟类多样性分布中心，研究了环境污染对鸟类多样性的影响，提出了保护鸟类多样性的对策建议。