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31.
Andreas Züttel 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(3):343-365
Hydrogen storage and transportation or distribution is closely linked together. Hydrogen can be distributed continuously in
pipelines or batch wise by ships, trucks, railway or airplanes. All batch transportation requires a storage system but also
pipelines can be used as pressure storage system. Hydrogen exhibits the highest heating value per weight of all chemical fuels.
Furthermore, hydrogen is regenerative and environment friendly. There are two reasons why hydrogen is not the major fuel of
toady’s energy consumption: First of all, hydrogen is just an energy carrier. And, although it is the most abundant element
in the universe, it has to be produced, since on earth it only occurs in the form of water. This implies that we have to pay
for this energy, which results in a difficult economic task, because since the industrialization we are used to consuming
energy for free. The second difficulty with hydrogen as an energy carrier is the low critical temperature of 33 K, i.e. hydrogen
is a gas at room temperature. For mobile and in many cases also for stationary applications the volumetric and gravimetric
density of hydrogen in a storage system is crucial. Hydrogen can be stored by six different methods and phenomena: high pressure
gas cylinders (up to 800 bar), liquid hydrogen in cryogenic tanks (at 21 K), adsorbed hydrogen on materials with a large specific
surface area (at T < 100 K), absorbed on interstitial sites in a host metal (at ambient pressure and temperature), chemically bond in covalent
and ionic compounds (at ambient pressure), oxidation of reactive metals e.g. Li, Na, Mg, Al, Zn with water. These metals easily
react with water to the corresponding hydroxide and liberate the hydrogen from the water. Finally, the metal hydroxides can
be thermally reduced to the metals in a solar furnace. 相似文献
32.
33.
稀土材料氢氧化铈吸附水中亚砷酸与砷酸阴离子的特性效果 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:7
以开发新型高效除砷吸附材料为目的 ,在室温 (2 5℃ ) ,初始浓度 0 .0 5~ 2 5 0mg/L ,pH4~ 11条件下 ,对稀土材料氢氧化铈 (HCO)进行了吸附除砷的性能评价 .实验结果表明 ,在实验条件下 ,HCO对亚砷酸和砷酸阴离子都显示了良好的吸附效果 ,其吸附等温线能很好地用Langmuir方程进行描述 .对于低浓度 (0 0 5~ 10mg/L)的砷溶液 ,HCO在所选 pH条件下对亚砷酸和砷酸阴离子的吸附率可达 10 0 % .对于高浓度的砷溶液 ,偏酸性 (pH 4 )条件有利于砷酸阴离子 ,而中性 /微碱性 (pH 7,8)条件最有利于亚砷酸阴离子的吸附 .HCO对 2种形态的砷阴离子的吸附效应在较宽 pH范围内同溶液的离子强度基本无关 ,常见阴离子 (Cl-,NO-3 ,SO2 -4)的存在对砷的吸附也未显示出干扰效应 .从实验结果推测 ,HCO吸附亚砷酸和砷酸阴离子的主要反应机理应属于专性吸附 相似文献
34.
利用XPS研究复合氧化物催化剂在汽车尾气净化中硫中毒及抗硫中毒机理 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
运用XPS分析方法研究一系列复合氧化物催化剂中毒前后硫在其表面的各种形态及催化剂活性组分中毒前后的组成,价态,化学机理及其变化。结果表明,SO2在催化剂活性中心进行化学吸附,然后一部分SO2与活性组分生成相应的亚硫酸盐和硫酸盐,从而使催化剂失活。 相似文献
35.
《环境科学学报(英文版)》2023,35(4):263-274
The cryptomelane-type manganese oxide (OMS-2)-supported Co (xCo/OMS-2; x = 5, 10, and 15 wt.%) catalysts were prepared via a pre-incorporation route. The as-prepared materials were used as catalysts for catalytic oxidation of toluene (2000 ppmV). Physical and chemical properties of the catalysts were measured using the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopic (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR) techniques. Among all of the catalysts, 10Co/OMS-2 performed the best, with the T90%, specific reaction rate at 245°C, and turnover frequency at 245°C (TOFCo) being 245°C, 1.23 × 10−3 moltoluene/(gcat·sec), and 11.58 × 10−3 sec−1 for toluene oxidation at a space velocity of 60,000 mL/(g·hr), respectively. The excellent catalytic performance of 10Co/OMS-2 were due to more oxygen vacancies, enhanced redox ability and oxygen mobility, and strong synergistic effect between Co species and OMS-2 support. Moreover, in the presence of poisoning gases CO2, SO2 or NH3, the activity of 10Co/OMS-2 decreased for the carbonate, sulfate and ammonia species covered the active sites and oxygen vacancies, respectively. After the activation treatment, the catalytic activity was partly recovered. The good low-temperature reducibility of 10Co/OMS-2 could also facilitate the redox process accompanied by the consecutive electron transfer between the adsorbed O2 and the cobalt or manganese ions. In the oxidation process of toluene, the benzoic and aldehydic intermediates were first generated, which were further oxidized to the benzoate intermediate that were eventually converted into H2O and CO2. 相似文献
36.
37.
金属尾矿废弃地的生态恢复 总被引:15,自引:2,他引:15
尾矿废弃地是一种典型的退化生态系统。本文通过对其生态恢复所面临问题的研究,讨论了尾矿废弃地生态恢复的理论和方法,分析了使用外来物种对于尾矿废弃地这一独特的退化生态系统进行恢复的可能性,并探索了尾矿废弃地生态恢复的评价标准。 相似文献
38.
The Finnish anthropogenic CH4 emissions in 1990 are estimated to be about 250 Gg, with an uncertainty range extending from 160 to 440 Gg. The most important sources are landfills and animal husbandry. The N2O emissions, which come mainly from agriculture and the nitric acid industry are about 20 Gg in 1990 (uncertainty range 10–30 Gg). The development of the emissions to the year 2010 is reviewed in two scenarios: the base and the reduction scenarios.According to the base scenario, the Finnish CH4 emissions will decrease in the near future. Emissions from landfills, energy production, and transportation will decrease because of already decided and partly realized volume and technical changes in these sectors. The average reduction potential of 50%, as assumed in the reduction scenario, is considered achievable.N2O emissions, on the other hand, are expected to increase as emissions from energy production and transportation will grow due to an increasing use of fluidized bed boilers and catalytic converters in cars. The average reduction potential of 50%, as assumed in the reduction scenario, is optimistic.Anthropogenic CH4 and N2O emissions presently cause about 30% of the direct radiative forcing due to Finnish anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. This share would be even larger if the indirect impacts of CH4 were included. The contribution of CH4 can be controlled due to its relatively short atmospheric lifetime and due to the existing emission reduction potential. Nitrous oxide has a long atmospheric lifetime and its emission control possiblities are limited consequently, the greenhouse impact of N2O seems to be increasing even if the emissions were limited somehow. 相似文献
39.
40.
以厌氧颗粒污泥为研究对象,通过静态试验和连续流厌氧反应器,重点研究了长期暴露下纳米TiO_2在对厌氧产甲烷体系的影响及其在颗粒污泥中的归趋.结果表明,短期急性暴露于150 mg·g-1(以VSS计)的纳米TiO_2尽管会暂时减缓产甲烷速率,但产酸阶段及产甲烷阶段代谢产物总量不会明显受到影响,纳米TiO_2对厌氧颗粒污泥具有较低的急性毒性.反应器运行结果表明,纳米TiO_2的长期暴露可导致挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)积累及生物气产量降低,产酸菌比产甲烷菌对纳米TiO_2的累积效应更加敏感,纳米TiO_2抑制机制可归因于"物理遮蔽"作用.出水中TiO_2的平均含量只有0.632 mg·L~(-1),绝大多数纳米TiO_2都被截留在了反应器中.FISH检测表明,厌氧颗粒污泥微生物的菌群结构有所变化,纳米TiO_2在反应器内的积累使得甲烷八叠球菌的丰度大幅增加了115.6%,其优势地位明显增强.长短期暴露试验的结果对比也说明,用短期暴露试验来说明纳米颗粒对厌氧体系的长期累积效应具有一定局限性,纳米TiO_2对厌氧颗粒污泥中微生物的负面影响需要较长时间的积累才会显现.本研究结果可为厌氧污水处理体系中纳米颗粒的潜在生态风险评价提供理论支持和参考依据. 相似文献