Toxicity of nanoparticulate and bulk ZnO, Al2O3 and TiO2 to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Limited information is available on the environmental behavior and associated potential risk of manufactured oxide nanoparticles (NPs). In this research, toxicity of nanoparticulate and bulk ZnO, Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ were examined to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans with Escherichia coli as a food source. Parallel experiments with dissolved metal ions from NPs were also conducted. The 24-h median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) and sublethal endpoints were assessed. Both NPs and their bulk counterparts were toxic, inhibiting growth and especially the reproductive capability of the nematode. The 24-h LC₅₀ for ZnO NPs (2.3 mg L⁻¹) and bulk ZnO was not significantly different, but significantly different between Al₂O₃ NPs (82 mg L⁻¹) and bulk Al₂O₃ (153 mg L⁻¹), and between TiO₂ NPs (80 mg L⁻¹) and bulk TiO₂ (136 mg L⁻¹). Oxide solubility influenced the toxicity of ZnO and Al₂O₃ NPs, but nanoparticle-dependent toxicity was indeed observed for the investigated NPs.     

金属涂料生产中挥发性有机物(VOC)的污染及其防治

阐明了金属涂料生产中挥发性有机物（VOC）的危害性,介绍了一种工程造价低,处理效果较好的治理方法,供投资生产金属涂料的生产者参考。     

负载金属活性碳纤维对NO催化分解性能的研究

碳纤维用于环境保护,污染治理是个重要课题,采用浸渍法研制系列钯负载活性碳纤维,研究了它们对NO的歧化分解性能,并与其它载体催化剂进行比较,实验结果表明负载钯活性碳纤维在300℃以上能催化NO的歧化分解。负载钯活性炭和负载钯炭黑分解NO的能力明显比前者弱,石墨和分子筛载体负载钯催化剂在400℃仍没有催化分解NO的作用。催化反应温度升高,NO流量降低,钯负载量增加有利于NO分解率提高,采用钯－铜混合物负载活性碳纤维可以减少钯的使用量。     

衡山PM_（2.5）中痕量金属元素的分析

建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定PM2.5中12种痕量金属元素的方法。对不同消解体系进行了讨论,确定采用HNO3＋H2O2消解体系。方法检出限在0.01～6.4 ng/m3之间,精密度为0.5%～8.9%,加标回收率在69.2%～92.6%之间。应用该方法测定了衡山PM2.5中痕量金属元素的含量,讨论了痕量元素的浓度分布特征,对各元素进行了相关性分析,并应用富集因子法对来源进行了分析。     

金属尾矿废弃地的生态恢复

尾矿废弃地是一种典型的退化生态系统。本文通过对其生态恢复所面临问题的研究，讨论了尾矿废弃地生态恢复的理论和方法，分析了使用外来物种对于尾矿废弃地这一独特的退化生态系统进行恢复的可能性，并探索了尾矿废弃地生态恢复的评价标准。     

兰州盆地第三纪沉积物常量元素变化及其古环境意义

通过对兰州盆地凤凰山剖面沉积物(厚约2484 m)的常量元素(Si、Al、Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Na)和碳酸盐含量分析,发现元素含量变化特征可分为三类:(1)元素Al、Fe、K和Mg赋存于细颗粒矿物中,与粒度分选和风化强度关系密切;(2)元素Si主要赋存于石英中,能良好反映沉积相变化;(3)元素Ca、Na与化学沉积盐类的生成有关,元素比值(Na/Al和Ca/Al)能揭示沉积环境演变。元素比值变化表明兰州盆地第三纪古环境变化可划分为四个阶段:54—43 Ma为三角洲河流相沉积,气候较温暖湿润;43—33 Ma Na/Al比值较高,钠盐大量生成,进入盐湖发育阶段,气候开始变干;33—23 Ma Ca/Al比大幅度波动,地层中含有大量石膏层,盆地经历了半干旱—半湿润的气候环境波动;23—9 Ma盆地从咸水-半咸水湖转变为风尘主导的干旱环境。综合凤凰山剖面的元素、磁化率、色度和粒度结果,认为第三纪以来兰州盆地古环境经历了三次阶段性变干的过程(~43 Ma,~33 Ma和~23 Ma);同全球气候和区域构造记录的对比表明,前两次变干可能同全球气候变冷关系密切,而早中新世的变干则可能是区域构造运动的结果。     

Identification of rice cultivars with low brown rice mixed cadmium and lead contents and their interactions with the micronutrients iron, zinc, nickel and manganese

Paddy fields in mining areas are usually co-contaminated by a cocktail of mixed toxic heavy metals (e.g., Cd and Pb in Pb/Zn mines). However, previous studies on rice cultivars screened for effective metal exclusion have mostly focused on individual metals, and have been conducted under pot-trial or hydroponic solution conditions. This study identified rice cultivars with both low Cd and Pb accumulation under Cd-and Pb-contaminated field conditions, and the interactions of the toxic elements Cd and Pb with the micronutrient elements Fe, Zn, Mn and Ni were also studied. Among 32 rice cultivars tested, there were significant differences in Cd (0.06-0.59 mg/kg) and Pb (0.25-3.15 mg/kg) levels in their brown rice, and similar results were also found for the micronutrient elements. Significant decreases in concentrations of Fe and Mn were detected with increasing Cd concentrations and a significant elevation in Fe, Mn and Ni with increasing Pb concentrations. A similar result was also shown by Cd and Ni. Three cultivars were identified with a combination of low brown rice Cd and Pb, high micronutrient and grain yield (Wufengyou 2168, Tianyou 196 and Guinongzhan). Present results suggest that it is possible to breed rice cultivars with low mixed toxic element (Cd, Pb) and high micronutrient contents along with high grain yields, thus ensuring food safety and quality.     

湘西、湘中新元古界—古生界微量元素地球化学特征

湘西湘中新元古界—古生界是金锑砷等金属矿床的重要产出层位。岩石地层微量元素地球化学研究对于认识矿源层以及矿床成因具有重要的意义。本文根据单一地球化学过程产生的地质体中元素含量趋向于正态分布的认识 ,对于湘西湘中的新元古界—古生界中的微量元素进行了系统研究 ,结果表明 :新元古界的板溪群和震旦系是Au、Sb、As的重要含矿建造 ;Pb在奥陶系、志留系中显著富集 ;Hg在寒武系和奥陶系中明显富集。古生代各地层中Sb、As、Hg、Au等成矿元素均不同程度地受到后期成矿作用的影响 ,泥盆系和石炭系中Sb、As的高平均含量是由成矿叠加作用所引起的。     

铜和铅在污水鱼塘中鱼体内的蓄积

从天津污水鱼塘中采集了养殖的各种鱼,测定其鳃、肝、肾、肌肉等部位中的铜、铅蓄积量。并与水相金属形态化学平衡计算结果进行了比较。研究证实,铜、铅蓄积量在鱼体中呈对数正态分布,与不同鱼种无显著关系,但在各部位之间明显不同。由于吸收／排放的动力学差异,养殖后期鱼体中铅／铜蓄积比较中期低,反映了铅、铜相对蓄积速率的下降趋势。不同鱼塘鱼鳃的金属蓄积量与金属有效态含量呈正相关      

双壳类壳体时间序列的建立方法及存在的问题

利用双壳类壳体提取古气候古环境信息是生物碳酸盐研究的热点,而壳体定年一直是研究中的难点。相关研究主要观点是先找到一些时间控制点,再按照线性内插法来确定壳体的时间序列。本文综述了国内外目前双壳类壳体定年的常用方法,根据时间控制点的获得将这些方法归为以下几类:壳体日生长层法、壳体氧同位素法、数字图像技术法和微量元素法,介绍并讨论了每种方法的应用和存在的不足。研究者应该根据具体研究的生物和环境选择适合的方法。