Assessment of sunflower germplasm for phytoremediation of lead-polluted soil and production of seed oil and seed meal for human and animal consumption

Phytoremediation is a valuable technology for mitigating soil contamination in agricultural lands, but phytoremediation without economic revenue is unfeasible for land owners and farmers. The use of crops with high biomass and bioenergy for phytoremediation is a unique strategy to derive supplementary benefits along with remediation activities. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a high-biomass crop that can be used for the phytoremediation of polluted lands with additional advantages (biomass and oil). In this study, 40 germplasms of sunflower were screened in field conditions for phytoremediation with the possibility for oil and meal production. The study was carried out to the physiological maturity stage. All studied germplasms mopped up substantial concentrations of Pb, with maximum amounts in shoot?>?root?>?seed respectively. The phytoextraction efficiency of the germplasm was assessed in terms of the Transfer factor (TF), Metal removal efficiency (MRE) and Metal extraction ratio (MER). Among all assessed criteria, GP.8585 was found to be most appropriate for restoring moderately Pb-contaminated soil accompanied with providing high biomass and high yield production. The Pb content in the oil of GP.8585 was below the Food safety standard of China, with 59.5% oleic acid and 32.1% linoleic acid. Moreover, amino acid analysis in meal illustrated significant differences among essential and non-essential amino acids. Glutamic acid was found in the highest percentage (22.4%), whereas cysteine in the lowest percentage (1.3%). Therefore, its efficient phytoextraction ability and good quality edible oil and meal production makes GP.8585 the most convenient sunflower germplasm for phytoremediation of moderately Pb-contaminated soil, with fringe benefits to farmers and landowners.     

重轨钢腐蚀的研究进展

钢轨的腐蚀关乎铁路运营效益和运输系统的安全等重大问题,重轨钢的耐腐蚀性同强度、硬度、耐磨性一样重要,应高度重视对重轨钢耐腐蚀性能的研究。介绍了国内外重轨钢的研究,主要概述在重轨钢加入Cr、Nb、Cu、Si、Mn、Ti、Al、Cr或Ni等不同合金元素,对重轨钢耐腐蚀性能的影响。介绍不同组织(珠光体、贝氏体、马氏体、奥氏体)的重轨钢,以及这些组织对重轨钢耐腐蚀性能的影响,并说明了不同的热处理或加工工艺对重轨钢耐腐蚀性能好坏的影响。最后结合重轨钢腐蚀机理、锈层形成机理和电化学过程以及影响金属大气环境腐蚀的主要因素,提出了几点提高重轨钢耐腐蚀性的研究方向。     

臭氧污染对水稻生长、产量及矿质金属元素含量的影响

地表臭氧(O_3)浓度升高造成的空气污染是日渐关注的重要环境问题,既直接危害人体健康,也影响农业生态系统,威胁农作物的生长发育和农产品品质,其中矿质金属元素含量由于同时涉及微量营养元素和有害重金属而尤为重要.本研究开展了O_3浓度升高处理(维持100 nL·L~(-1))的开顶箱(OTC)田间试验,通过2个水稻品种的作物生长监测和采样分析比较,探讨了O_3污染对水稻生长、产量及籽粒矿质金属元素含量的影响.结果表明,高浓度O_3抑制了南粳5055和扬稻6号两种水稻叶片的光合作用并降低了叶绿素含量和叶面积指数,进而导致稻谷产量下降,与自然空气对照相比分别减产45.5%和28.6%;但收获籽粒的糙米和颖壳中大部分矿质金属元素含量升高,与对照相比增幅分别达3.6%～19.8%和3.9%～36.0%,因而由此导致的微量元素缺乏或重金属污染等相关粮食品质安全影响需要综合评价.     

硫酸亚铁和硝酸铁施用对根际土壤-水稻系统中镉运移的影响

我国稻田镉（Cd）污染治理刻不容缓.氮（N）、硫（S）和铁（Fe）的生物地球化学循环,以及Fe-N和Fe-S循环耦合体系,都与土壤-水稻系统中Cd运移密切相关.以N、S和Fe对水稻生长的营养供给为切入点,研发抑制稻米Cd累积的营养型阻控技术及产品,势必能为稻田Cd污染治理提供新的解决途径.本文在前期研究成果的基础上开展根际袋-盆栽试验,分析硫酸亚铁（FeSO₄）和硝酸铁［Fe（NO₃）₃］处理条件下根际土壤中Cd活性变化与水稻体内Cd转运规律,探索糙米Cd累积的影响因素及制约机制.结果表明,FeSO₄和Fe（NO₃）₃处理都显著减小了根际土壤中有效态Cd（NH₄Ac-Cd）含量,且前者减小的幅度（55.6%）小于后者（76.0%）;FeSO₄和Fe（NO₃）₃处理都明显改变了水稻体内Cd分布特征,但前者增大了糙米Cd含量（0.6mg ·kg^-1）,而后者却减小了糙米Cd含量（0.1mg ·kg^-1）.根表铁膜对Cd的吸附或与Cd共沉淀、水稻根、茎和叶对Cd的累积量增大以及根、茎和结节对Cd的转运能力增强,是导致FeSO₄处理中糙米Cd含量增大的重要原因;Fe（NO₃）₃处理中糙米Cd含量减小,则可归结为无定形铁矿物对Cd的吸附或与Cd共沉淀、铁硫化物与Cd共沉淀、茎和结节对Cd的累积量减小以及根、叶和结节对Cd的转运能力减弱.本研究成果将为后期营养型阻控产品及施用技术研发提供科学依据,并为我国稻田Cd污染治理提供重要参考.     

贵阳市春、冬季大气颗粒物中铂族元素的污染特征

本文在贵阳市市中心区和郊区设置两个采样点位,采集春季和冬季PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)样品,在封闭溶样装置中采用HF和王水消解,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定颗粒物中铂族元素的含量,研究了大气颗粒物中铂族元素的污染特征。结果表明,市中心区样品中铂族元素的浓度大于郊区,其含量与交通密度有关;与Pt和Rh相比,颗粒物中Pd的浓度更高,Pd具有较大的溶解性,可能会给人类健康带来更严重的危害;颗粒物中铂族元素的浓度呈现季节性变化,冬季大于春季。与国外其他城市相比,贵阳市大气颗粒物中铂族元素的污染程度较低,但这种潜在的重金属污染应引起重视。     

泉州市大气PM2.5中有毒金属元素的环境风险评价

于2014年3月至2015年1月采集了泉州市5个采样点共136个PM_2.5样品, 采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定样品中11种有毒微量金属元素（Zn、Cu、Pb、As、Ni、Cd、Co、Ba、Cr、Be、V）的浓度。采用单级酸提取法分析了大气PM_2.5中有毒金属元素的化学形态,并利用元素酸提态含量占总量的比值计算了有毒金属元素的生物有效性。采用美国EPA推荐的人体健康风险评估模型对大气PM_2.5中有毒金属元素的人体健康风险进行了评价。结果表明：（1）各有毒金属元素生物有效性大小顺序为Zn > Cu > Pb > As≈Ni > Cd > Co≈Ba > Cr > Be > V;（2）大气PM_2.5中Ni、As、Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb为生物可利用元素,容易在环境介质中进行迁移和转化;Be、Cr、Co、V和Ba为潜在的生物可利用元素,在大气环境中较为稳定,但当大气环境条件发生变化时有可能会重新被释放出来;（3）泉州市大气PM_2.5中有毒金属元素主要通过口鼻吸入方式危害人体健康,Cr、Co、As对泉州市区居民有潜在的致癌风险,Ni和As有潜在的非致癌风险。     

室内外PM2.5中金属元素的污染特征及来源

在南京市仙林地区住宅楼内和室外采集PM_2.5样品,分析PM_2.5中金属的污染特征及主要来源.结果显示,室内外PM_2.5平均浓度分别为80.56μg/m³和96.77μg/m³,室内外PM_2.5浓度比（I/O）平均值为0.87.除Mg外,室外其他金属平均值均高于室内.元素Pb室内外浓度相关性最高,R值为0.807.室内外PM_2.5中金属元素Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Co、Cr和Ni富集程度较高.主成分分析结果显示,室外PM_2.5中金属的主要来源为土壤尘、交通排放、金属冶炼、垃圾焚烧等;室内PM_2.5中金属可能的来源为室外颗粒物的渗透及室内烹饪和家具材料等.     

Engineering of responsive polymer based nano-reactors for facile mass transport and enhanced catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

Silver nanoparticles with average diameter of 10 ± 3 nm were synthesized within the sieves of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate-acrylic acid)(p(NIPAAm-HEMA-AAc))polymer microgels. Free radial emulsion polymerization was employed for synthesis of p(NIPAAm-HEMA-AAc) polymer microgels. Silver nanoparticles were introduced within the microgels sphere by in situ reduction method. Microgels and hybrid microgels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultra violet-visible spectroscopy,transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering measurements. Catalytic activity of Ag-p(NIPAAm-HEMA-AAc) hybrid microgels was studied using catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol(4-NP) as a model reaction in aqueous media. The influence of sodium borohydride(Na BH4) concentration, catalyst dose and 4-NP concentration on catalytic reduction of 4-NP was investigated. A linear relationship was found between catalyst dose and apparent rate constant(kapp). The mechanism of catalysis by hybrid microgels was explored for further development in this area. The deep analysis of catalytic process reveals that the unique combination of NIPAAm, HEMA and AAc does not only stabilize silver nanoparticles in polymer network but it also enhances the mass transport of hydrophilic substrate like 4-NP from outside to inside the polymer network.     

Toxicity evaluation of ZnO and TiO2 nanomaterials in hydroponic red bean (Vigna angularis) plant: Physiology, biochemistry and kinetic transport

The toxicity and kinetic uptake potential of zinc oxide(Zn O) and titanium dioxide(TiO_2)nanomaterials into the red bean(Vigna angularis) plant were investigated. The results obtained revealed that Zn O, due to its high dissolution and strong binding capacity, readily accumulated in the root tissues and significantly inhibited the physiological activity of the plant. However, TiO_2 had a positive effect on plant physiology, resulting in promoted growth. The results of biochemical experiments implied that Zn O, through the generation of oxidative stress, significantly reduced the chlorophyll content, carotenoids and activity of stress-controlling enzymes. On the contrary, no negative biochemical impact was observed in plants treated with TiO_2. For the kinetic uptake and transport study, we designed two exposure systems in which Zn O and TiO_2 were exposed to red bean seedlings individually or in a mixture approach. The results showed that in single metal oxide treatments, the uptake and transport increased with increasing exposure period from one week to three weeks.However, in the metal oxide co-exposure treatment, due to complexation and competition among the particles, the uptake and transport were remarkably decreased. This suggested that the kinetic transport pattern of the metal oxide mixtures varied compared to those of its individual constituents.     

作业场所个体防护装备信息数据元标准化研究

针对目前我国PPE(个体防护装备)在作业场所的管理存在诸多问题,需要进一步加强对PPE的监管。为了构建PPE在作业场所中安全有效的信息管理平台,因此首要的基础性工作就是对PPE信息进行标准化,本文提出了PPE信息的线面分类,业务流程分析等方法,研究了数据元的标准化过程,结果确立了用户信息、人事信息、PPE信息、选型规则信息作为PPE信息管理平台层级数据元目录,确定了用户编号、地区代码、PPE类别代码、工种等86个数据元,基本涵盖了建立在作业场所中PPE信息平台所需要的数据信息,能为后续建立PPE智能选型数据库平台系统提供理论基础和技术支持。