美人蕉根系对不同基质结构水平潜流人工湿地水力特性的影响

为了研究植物根系对不同基质结构潜流人工湿地水力特性的影响,根据填料渗透系数,分别设置单层及多层基质结构潜流人工湿地小试实验系统,以美人蕉作为湿地植物,在植物栽种前与成熟后对两系统分别开展示踪试验研究.实验结果表明,美人蕉根系对于单层结构人工湿地水力特性有较明显的改善作用,有效体积从0.49提高到了0.53,短路值由0.60降低到0.41,水力效率提高最大由43%提高到59%.比较而言,植物根系对多层结构湿地有效体积和短路值有轻微负面影响,而对水力效率则有明显的改善作用(由64%提高到83%).此外,植物成熟后,两人工湿地系统中示踪剂回收率均有所下降,其中,单层结构湿地降低较显著,回收率由72%降到62%.可见,植物根系对系统水力特性有较大影响,应在人工湿地设计过程中给予考虑.     

Investigation of trace element atmospheric pollution by nuclear analytical techniques at a global scale: harmonized approaches supported by the IAEA

In the framework of the IAEA programmes, Member States involved in air pollution studies using nuclear analytical techniques have harmonized their methodologies. Participants characterising chemical composition of size fractionated airborne particulate matter based their methodology on a common type of air sampler, centralised data collection and evaluation, and the same kind of data processing. Institutions involved in biomonitoring air pollution identified appropriate organisms to be applied at a regional scale, and harmonized procedures for sample preparation and analysis, as well as data processing and presentation. Both metrology approaches have been validated and disseminated in many Member States.     

南京市城市污泥和工业污泥中典型矿质元素含量和形态分布研究

采用三态连续提取法研究南京市部分城市污泥和工业污泥中典型矿质元素的含量和形态分布,为污泥资源化的合理利用提供科学参考.结果表明,污泥总体呈高有机质、高氮磷、低K的相似性,但其理化性质如阳离子交换容量(CEC)、pH等有差异.污泥中不同矿质元素含量差异也较大,Fe的浓度最高,其次是Mg、Zn;且不同污泥间同一矿质元素含量的差异也较大.各元素的形态分布有一定差异,Cu主要分布在可氧化态,其酸溶/交换态和可还原态的百分率很低;Zn三态分布均较高;Mg、Mn主要分布在酸溶/交换态;Fe主要分布在残渣态.但三种提取形态百分率之和除Fe外均超过50%.研究同时表明,城市污泥和工业污泥中矿质元素形态分布无显著性差异.     

机械加工中毛刺的影响及其控制

系统地论述了机械加工中产生的毛刺给切削加工和安全生产带来的危害，揭示出影响毛刺生成及变化的主要因素。结合车削、刨削、铣削和钻削等加工开发出若干抑制或减小毛刺的新技术、新工艺和新方法，为消除安全生产的隐患、提高机械加工质量和生产效率奠定了坚实的基础     

自导式解说系统设计要素研究--以邓小平故居景区为例

以邓小平故居自导式解说系统的实际设计、制作为例,重点研究了自导式解说系统在设计中应当把握的四大要素,并对这四大设计要素在设计过程中的相互关系进行了理论研究和实例分析,指出这四大要素是旅游区设计出高水平、高质量的自导式解说系统的关键核心，从而使自导式解说系统成为提升旅游区整体形象的重要组成部分.     

海事预控的安全科学新理论探讨

提出“人、机、环境、控制”要素构成的四面体,作为安全科学的基本要素结构。通过对一系列海上安全问题的讨论,表明该理论有助于预控２１世纪的海事,并可用于其他产业安全领域     

Assessing potential bioavailability of metals in sediments: A proposed approach

Due to anthropogenic inputs, elevated concentrations of metals frequently occur in aquatic sediments. In order to make defensible estimates of the potential risk of metals in sediments and/or develop sediment quality criteria for metals, it is essential to identify that fraction of the total metal in the sediments that is bioavailable. Studies with a variety of benthic invertebrates indicate that interstitial (pore) water concentrations of metals correspond very well with the bioavailability of metals in test sediments. Many factors may influence pore water concentrations of metals; however, in anaerobic sediments a key phase controlling partitioning of several cationic metals (cadmium, nickel, lead, zinc, copper) into pore water is acid volatile sulfide (AVS). In this paper, we present an overview of the technical basis for predicting bioavailability of cationic metals to benthic organisms based on pore water metal concentrations and metal-AVS relationships. Included are discussions of the advantages and limitations of metal bioavailability predictions based on these parameters, relative both to site-specific assessments and the development of sediment quality criteria.     

巯基棉分离—氢化物发生原子荧光法测定含有大量基体干扰的环境样品中痕量硒

本文报导了用巯基棉分离-氢化物发生原子荧光法测定含有大量基体干扰的环境样品中痕量硒的方法,实验表明该法灵敏度高,操作简便,最低检出限达0.002微克,变异系数≤3.8％。     

云南澜沧地区拉祜族老人头发中6种微量元素水平调查

用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ICP－AES）测定了60例世居澜沧地区拉祜族老人发样中6种微量元素，根据测定结果，比较了不同年龄段间微量元素的差异，并与北京西城区长寿老人发样中微量元素含量进行了比较。结果表明，2个地区老人发样中的Mn,Al存在显著性差异。     

Ecotoxicological implications of aquatic disposal of coal combustion residues in the United States: a review

We provide an overview of research related to environmental effects of disposal of coal combustion residues (CCR) in sites in the United States. Our focus is on aspects of CCR that have the potential to negatively influence aquatic organisms and thehealth of aquatic ecosystems. We identify major issues of concern, as well as areas in need of further investigation.Intentional or accidental release of CCR into aquatic systemshas generally been associated with deleterious environmental effects. A large number of metals and trace elements are presentin CCR, some of which are rapidly accumulated to high concentrations by aquatic organisms. Moreover, a variety of biological responses have been observed in organisms following exposure to and accumulation of CCR-related contaminants. In some vertebrates and invertebrates, CCR exposure has led to numerous histopathological, behavioral, and physiological (reproductive, energetic, and endocrinological) effects. Fish kills and extirpation of some fish species have been associatedwith CCR release, as have indirect effects on survival and growth of aquatic animals mediated by changes in resource abundance or quality. Recovery of CCR-impacted sites can be extremely slow due to continued cycling of contaminants withinthe system, even in sites that only received CCR effluents forshort periods of time. The literature synthesis reveals important considerations for future investigations of CCR-impacted sites. Many studies have examined biological responses to CCR with respect to Se concentrations and accumulation because of teratogenic andreproductively toxic effects known to be associated with thiselement. However, the complex mixture of metals and traceelements characteristic of CCR suggests that biologicalassessments of many CCR-contaminated habitats should examine avariety of inorganic compounds in sediments, water, and tissuesbefore causation can be linked to individual CCR components. Most evaluations of effects of CCR in aquatic environments havefocused on lentic systems and the populations of animalsoccupying them. Much less is known about CCR effects in loticsystems, in which the contaminants may be transported downstream,diluted or concentrated in downstream areas, and accumulated bymore transient species. Although some research has examinedaccumulation and effects of contaminants on terrestrial and avianspecies that visit CCR-impacted aquatic sites, more extensiveresearch is also needed in this area. Effects in terrestrial orsemiaquatic species range from accumulation and maternal transferof elements to complete recruitment failure, suggesting that CCReffects need to be examined both within and outside of theaquatic habitats into which CCR is released. Requiring specialattention are waterfowl and amphibians that use CCR-contaminatedsites during specific seasons or life stages and are highlydependent on aquatic habitat quality during those periods.Whether accidentally discharged into natural aquatic systems or present in impoundments that attract wildlife, CCR appears topresent significant risks to aquatic and semiaquatic organisms. Effects may be as subtle as changes in physiology or as drasticas extirpation of entire populations. When examined as a whole,research on responses of aquatic organisms to CCR suggests thatreducing the use of disposal methods that include an aquaticslurry phase may alleviate some environmental risks associatedwith the waste products.