大气气溶胶中痕量金属元素的研究进展

综述了近年来国内外学者对大气气溶胶中痕量金属元素的研究进展,介绍了痕量金属元素的地球化学行为,以及大气气溶胶中痕量金属的源解析方法、在环境中的循环与污染、生物有效性及对人体的健康效应。建议研发更可靠的分析方法或在线检测仪器,避免采样和样品前处理过程中痕量金属的污染和损失;建立监测网络,形成区域性的大气监测模式,更全面地分析污染来源;与监测超级站建设、空气污染流行病学设计和毒性机制研究相结合,建立更加完善的研究体系。     

北京昌平某地冬季大气PM2.5元素污染特征分析

以北京昌平区某地大气PM_(2.5)和重金属污染状况为研究对象,应用射线法与XRF技术相结合的分析技术,对PM_(2.5)浓度和其重金属组分浓度进行同步监测,以重金属元素为污染物示踪因子进行污染特征分析。结果表明,监测期间该区域PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度达92μg/m~3,Ca、Fe、K元素含量较高。通过主成分分析该区域PM_(2.5)元素影响因素主要为工业和生活燃料燃烧、冶金工业废气、扬尘3类,贡献比分别为52.42%、26.82%、13.10%。     

乌鲁木齐市冬季重污染天气下PM_(2.5)中重金属污染特征及来源解析

通过乌鲁木齐市2013年2月5日至26日一次重污染天气过程中,在6个采样点位进行细颗粒物PM_(2.5)的采集,并对其中的13种重金属(Cu、Sr、Mo、Cd、Pb、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、As、Hg)含量、Mull污染指数、空间分布以及溯源进行了分析。结果显示:采样期间乌鲁木齐市重金属浓度在0.23~178 ng/m~3之间,浓度水平排序PbMnCrFeAsVCuNiSrCdMoCoHg,其中Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、As浓度均高于乌鲁木齐市背景值和国内外其他城市水平,且Mull污染指数处于较严重的污染水平;在重金属元素浓度的空间分布上,铁招和南公园点位重金属浓度较高,31中学和市监测站相对较低。     

波长色散-X射线荧光光谱法测定PM2.5中23种元素

研究以单元素标准膜为基础,结合NIST SRM 2783颗粒物滤膜标准样品,建立了波长色散-X射线荧光光谱法测定PM_2.5中23种无机元素的测定方法,优化了测试条件,测量一个样品耗时约15 min,计算了各元素的方法检出限。对NIST SRM 2783滤膜标准品在一周内重复测定10次来计算方法的准确度与精密度,测定结果显示大多数元素的测量值在给出的参考值范围内,且测量标准偏差一般在10%以内。对比了石英与聚四氟乙烯材质（Teflon）滤膜的空白值,石英滤膜中Si、Fe、Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca等元素的背景值较高,Teflon滤膜的背景值较低,推荐选用Teflon滤膜作为PM_2.5组分分析采样滤膜。分别用波长色散-X射线荧光光谱法及酸消解-ICP-MS法测定了样品膜中的元素组分,得到的测定结果基本一致。     

气象条件对沈阳市环境空气臭氧浓度影响研究

利用2013年沈阳市环境空气监测点位臭氧监测数据,分析沈阳臭氧浓度变化特征,结合气象资料分析了其对臭氧浓度的影响。结果表明,沈阳市不同区域臭氧浓度变化特征基本一致。臭氧浓度日变化呈单峰趋势,最大值出现在14:00左右,最小值出现在6:00左右;臭氧浓度变化具有明显的季节特征,夏季臭氧浓度最高,春秋次之,冬季最低;臭氧浓度受温度、风速、湿度、能见度、天气情况影响,臭氧浓度变化是多因素共同作用的结果。     

地表水超痕量苯并(a)芘的检测及空白干扰消除

采用液液萃取-超高效液相色谱仪接荧光检测器测定地表水中超痕量的苯并(a)芘,并对方法空白的干扰因素进行探讨。研究发现,该法的空白干扰主要来自于溶剂二氯甲烷,溶剂经蒸馏提纯后可消除干扰。以重新蒸馏提纯的二氯甲烷为提取剂,方法的检测限为0.05 ng/L,加标回收率为87.4%~132%,且空白测定值低于方法检出限,可满足地表水中超痕量苯并(a)芘检测的需求。     

Highly sensitive and selective determination of malathion in vegetable extracts by an electrochemical sensor based on Cu-metal organic framework

Abstract

This article demonstrates the first application of a copper-based porous coordination polymer (BTCA-P-Cu-CP) as a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modifier for the detection of malathion. The electrochemical behavior of BTCA-P-Cu-CP/CPE was explored using cyclic voltammetry (CV) while chrono-amperometry methods were applied for the analytical evaluation of the sensor performance. Under optimized conditions, the developed sensor exhibited high reproducibility, stability, and wide dynamic range (0.6–24?nM) with the limits of detection and sensitivity equal to 0.17?nM and 5.7 µAnMcm^?1, respectively, based on inhibition signal measurement. Furthermore, the presence of common coexisting interfering species showed a minor change in signals (<4.4%). The developed sensor has been applied in the determination of malathion in spiked vegetable extracts. It exhibited promising results in term of fast and sensitive determination of malathion in real samples at trace level with recoveries of 91.0 to 104.4%. (RSDs < 5%, n?=?3). A comparison of the two studied techniques showed that the HPLC technique is unable to detect malathion when the concentration is lower than 1.8?µM while 0.006 µM is detected with appropriate RSDs 0.2–5.2% (n?=?3) by amperometric method. Due to the high sensitivity and selectivity, this new electrochemical sensor will be useful for monitoring trace malathion in real samples.     

江苏沿海地区经济联系及物流要素流量空间特征分析

随着经济一体化的发展,城市间经济联系日益加强,必然引起城市间物流需求联系的增加。借鉴引力模型在经济联系中的应用,分析了江苏沿海地区城市间经济联系强度。结果表明：城市间经济联系的强度随着空间距离的递增而递减;并以区域中心城市为中心,向外呈辐射状圈层构造,呈现3个层次结构;沿海中心城市对经济联系腹地间的竞争更加明显。立足运输地理学网络分析基本原理, 从客流、货流和信息流等流量,流向等空间属性进一步探讨城市间的经济联系特征,江苏沿海地区市际间货流量连云港 南通占主要地位;客流量连云港 南通一线最大;城市间信息传递不畅,信息流量较弱。针对城市间经济联系及物流要素流量的空间特征,提出了加强区域经济合作的策略与建议     

微量臭氧催化氧化深度处理煤气化废水

采取固定床连续式水处理方式,实验研究了在固体催化剂作用下微量臭氧催化氧化深度处理地下煤气化废水的效果.结果表明,当处理COD为300 mg,/L左右的该类型废水时,加入微量臭氧,水处理装置COD去除率提高了45％,平均1 mg的臭氧处理了2.4 mg有机物;当废水COD为200 mg/L左右,进水速度为1 L/h时,最佳臭氧投加量为每升废水20 mg左右的臭氧,此时气水比为15:1左右;同时实验发现,不同COD的废水色度均可以被有效去除.通过与其他类似的实验研究比较发现,微量臭氧催化氧化技术具有成本优势.     

Wood pellet fly ash and bottom ash as an effective liming agent and nutrient source for rye grass (Lolium perenne L.) and oats (Avena sativa)

Fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA) from a softwood pellet boiler were characterized and evaluated as soil amendments. In a greenhouse study, two plant species (rye grass, Lolium perenne L. and oats, Avena sativa) were grown in three different treatments (1% FA, 1% BA, non-amended control) of a silty loam soil. Total concentrations of plant nutrients Ca, K, Mg, P and Zn in both ashes were elevated compared to conventional wood ash. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Pb, Se and Zn were found to be elevated in the FA relative to BA and the non-amended soil. At 28 d, oat above-ground biomass was found to be significantly greater in soil amended with FA. Potassium and Mo plant tissue concentrations were significantly increased by addition of either ash, and FA significantly increased Zn tissue concentrations. Cadmium and Hg tissue concentrations were elevated in some cases. As soil amendments, either pellet ash is an effective liming agent and nutrient source, but high concentrations of Cd and Zn in FA may preclude its use as an agricultural soil amendment in some jurisdictions. Lower ash application rates than those used in this study (i.e. <1%) may still provide sufficient nutrients and effective neutralization of soil acidity.