固相萃取—ICP-MS分析西藏咸水湖泊中的微量元素

本研究建立了一种以NOBIAS PA1螯合树脂为富集手段,结合电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）测试富含有机碳的咸水湖泊中Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu和Zn的分析方法.该方法首先使用UV/H₂O₂法对湖泊水体进行消解,去除有机络合作用对Co和Cu的干扰;然后对咸水中的微量元素进行预富集,并使用醋酸铵去除树脂上吸附的盐类;最后使用HNO₃洗脱样品并用ICP-MS进行测试.结果表明,在pH值6.35±0.30的情况下,不同微量元素流程空白值为0.49~6.43ng/kg;检出限为0.17~4.55ng/kg;样品的回收率为99%~102%.该方法用于西藏雅根错、色林错、昂仁金错的测试结果显示,该方法加标（内标元素In）回收率>99%;样品（n=3）的相对标准偏差<5%.本方法适用于内陆湖泊尤其是富含有机质的咸水湖泊（包括盐湖）微量元素分析.     

Electro-oxidation of Ni (II)-citrate complexes at BDD electrode and simultaneous recovery of metallic nickel by electrodeposition

The simultaneous electro-oxidation of Ni (II)-citrate and electrodeposition recovery of nickel metal were attempted in a combined electro-oxidation-electrodeposition reactor with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and a polished titanium cathode. Effects of initial nickel citrate concentration, current density, initial pH, electrode spacing, electrolyte type, and initial electrolyte dosage on electrochemical performance were examined. The efficiencies of Ni (II)-citrate removal and nickel metal recovery were determined to be 100% and over 72%, respectively, under the optimized conditions (10 mA/cm², pH 4.09, 80 mmol/L Na₂SO₄, initial Ni (II)-citrate concentration of 75 mg/L, electrode spacing of 1 cm, and 180 min of electrolysis). Energy consumption increased with increased current density, and the energy consumption was 0.032 kWh/L at a current density of 10 mA/cm² (pH 6.58). The deposits at the cathode were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These characterization results indicated that the purity of metallic nickel in cathodic deposition was over 95%. The electrochemical system exhibited a prospective approach to oxidize metal complexes and recover metallic nickel.     

大气沉降对川东北喀斯特河水中Mg、Ca、Sr和Ba的贡献

在受大气粉尘活动强烈影响的岩溶地区,大气输入对岩溶地表河水中的金属元素尤其是溶解态元素的影响还较少评估。选择位于秦岭山地、受大气粉尘活动强烈影响的川东北岩溶地区的诺水河,通过2011年7月至2014年6月河水中Mg、Ca、Sr和Ba等元素含量及其变化,结合当地大气沉降观测结果,分析了河水中这些元素的季节变化与影响因素,特别是大气输入对河水中这些金属元素的贡献。结果显示:(1)河水中Mg、Ca、Sr和Ba四种元素显示出明显的季节变化,大气降水稀释作用导致夏季河水中元素浓度值偏低,冬季稀释作用的减弱和粉尘活动加强可能导致河水中元素浓度值偏高;(2)河水中Mg、Ca、Sr和Ba四种元素来源于大气沉降的比例分别是3.1%、7.2%、21.3%和34.8%。这表明在川东北地区,大气沉降对喀斯特河水中部分金属元素如Sr和Ba存在显著影响。     

Insight into the distribution of metallic elements in membrane bioreactor: Influence of operational temperature and role of extracellular polymeric substances

The distribution of metallic elements in a submerged membrane bioreactor(MBR) was revealed at different temperatures using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES), and the role of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) was probed by integrating scanning electron microscopy(SEM) with confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM) over long-term operation. More metallic elements in the influent were captured by suspended sludge and built up in the fouling layer at lower temperature. The concentration of metallic elements in the effluent was 5.60 mg/L at 10°C operational temperature, far lower than that in the influent(51.35 mg/L). The total contents of metallic elements in suspended sludge and the membrane fouling layer increased to 40.20 and 52.19 mg/g at 10°C compared to 35.14 and 32.45 mg/g at 30°C, and were dominated by the organically bound fraction. The EPS contents in suspended sludge and membrane fouling layer sharply increased to 37.88 and 101.51 mg/g at 10°C, compared to 16.87 and 30.03 mg/g at 30°C. The increase in EPS content at lower temperature was responsible for the deposition of more metallic ions. The strong bridging between EPS and metallic elements at lower temperature enhanced the compactness of the fouling layer and further decreased membrane flux. This was helpful for understanding the mechanism of membrane fouling at different operational temperatures and the role of EPS, and also of significance for the design of cleaning strategies for fouled membranes after long-term operation.     

2018年3月两会期间北京重污染过程边界层气象的演变分析

为研究北京冬季重污染过程的污染特征及成因,采用边界层风场、温/湿场和气溶胶垂直探测等雷达综合遥测手段,对2018年3月北京两会期间的一次典型重污染过程,从边界层气象要素演变进行综合研究.结果表明:①整个污染过程历时7 d,轻度以上污染时数达118 h（占污染过程总小时数的69.8%）,严重污染时数达16 h（占污染过程总小时数的9.5%）,ρ（PM_2.5）最高达333.5 μg/m3.②从气溶胶的垂直空间演变来看,重污染天气的形成,除受本地源排放积累的影响外,还存在北京南部和东部的外部污染传输.贴地或上部逆温的稳定温度层结基本上对应ρ（PM_2.5）的累积过程,其中,重污染时段逆温维持达68 h,逆温层厚度为500~1 100 m,最大平均逆温强度为0.6℃/（100 m）.大气边界层高度偏低（积累过程白天在1 000 m以下,夜间只有300~500 m）,导致污染物持续积累.整个污染过程中,高湿时段引起PM_2.5吸湿增长和转化加重了污染程度;近地层持续小风导致污染积累;西南、东或东南方向大风层（10 m/s左右）向低空下探,有利于污染的缓解;强西北风或北风作用,使污染得以清除.研究显示,污染过程与边界层气象要素的演变密切相关.      

铜胁迫对铜绿微囊藻生长及产毒素的影响

以硝酸盐和磷酸氢盐为主要氮源和磷源,通过测定一定初始氮、磷条件下不同Cu~(2+)浓度培养液中藻密度及藻毒素浓度来研究微量元素Cu对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响.结果表明:当Cu~(2+)浓度为1和10μg·L~(-1)时,藻细胞的生长情况最好,藻密度取得所有浓度梯度中最大值;当Cu~(2+)浓度为1μg·L~(-1)时,藻细胞产毒素总量最大;Cu~(2+)严重缺乏(0.01μg·L~(-1))和过量(100μg·L~(-1))时,藻毒素的合成均受到严重抑制.Cu~(2+)浓度变化影响铜绿微囊藻对硝氮的利用效率,当Cu~(2+)浓度为0.01、0.1及100μg·L~(-1)时,氮元素的利用效率都相对较低.细胞比增长率与单细胞产毒量之间的相关性分析及线性拟合结果表明,单细胞产毒素量与细胞比增长率之间存在很好的线性关系:在Cu~(2+)浓度处于0.01~10μg·L~(-1)范围内,二者表现为正相关;Cu过量时(100μg·L~(-1)),表现为负相关,依据此结果可通过比增长率来预测单细胞的产毒素水平.     

Bioaccumulation and effects of sediment-associated gold- and graphene oxide nanoparticles on Tubifex tubifex

With the development of nanotechnology,gold(Au) and graphene oxide(GO) nanoparticles have been widely used in various fields,resulting in an increased release of these particles into the environment.The released nanoparticles may eventually accumulate in sediment,causing possible ecotoxicological effects to benthic invertebrates.However,the impact of Au-NPs and GO-NPs on the cosmopolitan oligochaete,Tubifex tubifex,in sediment exposure is not known.Mortality,behavioral impact(GO-NP and Au-NP) and uptake(only Au-NP) of sediment-associated Au-NPs(4.9±0.14 nm) and GO-NPs(116±0.05 nm) to T.tubifex were assessed in a number of 5-day exposure experiments.The results showed that the applied Au-NP concentrations(10 and 60 μg Au/g dry weight sediment) had no adverse effect on T.tubifex survival,while Au bioaccumulation increased with exposure concentration.In the case of GO-NPs,no mortality of T.tubifex was observed at a concentration range of 20 and180 μg GO/g dry weight sediment,whereas burrowing activity was significantly reduced at 20 and 180 μg GO/g dry weight sediment.Our results suggest that Au-NPs at 60 μg Au/g or GO-NPs at 20 and 180 μg GO/g were detected by T.tubifex as toxicants during short-term exposures.     

活性污泥胞外聚合物的组成与结构特点及环境行为

在活性污泥处理系统中,微生物大多以污泥絮体的形式悬浮在水中。胞外聚合物(EPS)作为污泥絮体的重要组成部分,以其独特的聚合结构和化学组成,在污水生物处理系统中起到重要作用。为了更好的描述EPS的环境行为,文章综合了近年来国内外相关的研究成果,首先分析了EPS的来源、化学组成及结构分布,得出EPS中包含蛋白质、多糖、腐殖酸、核酸、糖醛酸及脂类大分子等化学物质,其中蛋白质和多糖之和占总有机物含量的70%~80%;在结构上,EPS分为SB-EPS、LB-EPS和TB-EPS,三者与细胞结合的紧密程度递增,其中所含化学成分比例的不同将使其具有不同的理化特性。其次,文章对EPS的理化特征对污水处理系统的影响,如对系统中微生物降解特性的影响、磷和重金属的吸附等进行了讨论,并总结了EPS中相关的官能团对上述环境行为的贡献。同时,文章还论述了EPS中官能团的亲疏水特性及化学成分对污泥絮体的脱水性、絮凝沉降性能的影响。     

宝鸡市麟游县煤矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染安全评价

文章选取麟游县的北马坊煤矿、郭家河煤矿和北王煤矿为研究区域,对其周边的农田土壤进行野外采样和室内分析,测定Zn、Cr、Pb、Cu、Cd、Hg、As 7种重金属的污染状况。结果表明:测定的7种重金属元素的最大值均超过了陕西省土壤背景值和当地的土壤环境背景值。单因子污染指数评价得出,三矿区周边的土壤Hg元素的污染较严重,局部地区已经达到了重度污染;综合污染指数法评价得出,三矿区均达到了中度到重度污染水平,其中北王煤矿污染水平较高;地质累积指数法评价得出,三矿区Hg元素的累积程度属于中度污染到强污染等级,Cd元素次之。因此3矿区周边的耕地土壤已不同程度的受到重金属的污染,相关部门应该采取一定的措施治理该区的土壤。     

泉州市大气降尘中稀土元素地球化学特征及来源解析

稀土元素因其特殊的地球化学特性,具有一定的示踪性质.为了研究泉州市大气降尘中稀土元素地球化学特征及其来源,在泉州市不同功能区以及潜在源区共采集降尘样品34份,对REE组成特征、配分模式、特征参数进行了分析并结合三角图和特征参数关系图解揭示了其来源.结果表明,泉州市大气降尘的ΣREE空间分布差异较大,由高到低顺序为工业区交通繁忙区商业区居住区农业区.居住区、交通繁忙区、商业区的ΣREE变异系数均较小,显示其来源的一致性.降尘和潜在源样品中稀土元素的配分曲线均为右倾,轻稀土相对重稀土富集,具有明显的Eu负异常,表明研究区大气降尘具有较明显的陆源属性.各功能区降尘与潜在源的部分REE特征参数平均值较接近,未能揭示空间差异的成因.LaCeV三角图解表明居住区、交通繁忙区、商业区降尘中REE主要受交通源和土壤尘的影响,其次为燃煤源.δEu-ΣREE和HREEN/MREEN-LaN关系图解进一步说明汽车尾气排放是交通繁忙区和商业区降尘中REE的主要来源.所有功能区的稀土元素受钢铁厂排放物和水泥尘的影响较小,且农业区和工业区的稀土来源与其他功能区存在差异.