The impact of climate change mitigation on water demand for energy and food: An integrated analysis based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways

Climate change mitigation, in the context of growing population and ever increasing economic activity, will require a transformation of energy and agricultural systems, posing significant challenges to global water resources. We use an integrated modelling framework of the water-energy-land-climate systems to assess how changes in electricity and land use, induced by climate change mitigation, impact on water demand under alternative socioeconomic (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) and water policy assumptions (irrigation of bioenergy crops, cooling technologies for electricity generation). The impacts of climate change mitigation on cumulated global water demand across the century are highly uncertain, and depending on socioeconomic and water policy conditions, they range from a reduction of 15,000 km³ to an increase of more than 160,000 km³. The impact of irrigation of bioenergy crops is the most prominent factor, leading to significantly higher water requirements under climate change mitigation if bioenergy crops are irrigated. Differences in socioeconomic drivers and fossil fuel availability result in significant differences in electricity and bioenergy demands, in the associated electricity and primary energy mixes, and consequently in water demand. Economic affluence and abundance of fossil fuels aggravate pressures on water resources due to higher energy demand and greater deployment of water intensive technologies such as bioenergy and nuclear power. The evolution of future cooling systems is also identified as an important determinant of electricity water demand. Climate policy can result in a reduction of water demand if combined with policies on irrigation of bioenergy, and the deployment of non-water-intensive electricity sources and cooling types.     

Hydroxyquinol Pathway for Microbial Degradation of Halogenated Aromatic Compounds

Several peripheral metabolic pathways can be used by microorganisms to degrade toxic aromatic compounds that are known to pollute the environment. Hydroxyquinol (1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene) is one of the central intermediates in the degradative pathway of a large variety of aromatic compounds. The present review describes the microorganisms involved in the degradative pathway, the key enzymes involved in the formation and splitting of the aromatic ring of (chloro)hydroxyquinol as well as the central intermediates formed. An attempt was also made to provide some estimation for genetic basis of the hydroxyquinol pathway.     

铁基双金属催化剂活化过硫酸盐去除水中抗生素研究进展

近年来,抗生素残留物在多种水体中被普遍检出,对水生态环境和人类健康造成严重威胁.基于活化过硫酸盐高级氧化作用去除水中抗生素污染物,以其氧化性强、选择性高和pH适用范围宽等特点成为研究热点.低成本、高稳定性和催化性能优异的铁基双金属材料能有效活化过硫酸盐,它弥补了单一铁元素活化剂易失活、效率低和容易产生二次污染等缺陷.针对尖晶石铁氧体、铁基层状双金属氢氧化物和铁基普鲁士蓝类似物3种典型铁基双金属催化剂,开展其活化过硫酸盐降解抗生素的研究分析,系统讨论了铁基双金属活化过硫酸盐的几种内在驱动机制,并分别对自由基、单线态氧和高价金属的产生,电子转移和过硫酸盐直接氧化过程进行了梳理.最后,总结了活化过硫酸盐技术处理氟喹诺酮类、磺胺类、四环素类与β-内酰胺类抗生素等4种典型抗生素的一般降解途径,为今后研究铁基双金属催化剂及其改性、衍生物和复合物等在活化过硫酸盐技术中的应用提供参考.     

Radioactive impact in sediments from an estuarine system affected by industrial wastes releases

A big fertilizer industrial complex and a vast extension of phosphogypsum piles (12 km2), sited in the estuary formed by the Odiel and Tinto river mouths (southwest of Spain), are producing an unambiguous radioactive impact in their surrounding aquatic environment through radionuclides from the U-series. The levels and distribution of radionuclides in sediments from this estuarine system have been determined. The analyses of radionuclide concentrations and activity ratios have provided us with an interesting information to evaluate the extension, degree and routes of the radioactive impact, as well as for the knowledge of the different pathways followed for the radioactive contamination to disturb this natural system. The obtained results indicate that the main pathway of radioactive contamination of the estuary is through the dissolution in its waters of the radionuclides released by the industrial activities and their later fixation on the particulate materials. Tidal activity also plays an important role in the transport and homogenization along the estuary of the radioactivity released from the fertilizer plants.     

缺氧环境下无定形FeS对六六六的转化动力学

采用批处理实验方法，在缺氧还原的环境下对无定形FeS转化六六六的动力学进行了研究。结果表明，无定形FeS水溶液体系（pH值8.30)可以将六六六的γ-异构体-林丹转化为低氯化合物三氯苯，二氯苯和氯苯，并且产物的形成有异构体选择性；检测到的中间产物为五氯环己烯，四氯环已烯和二氯环已二烯。并提出相应的转化路径和反应机理。以说明溶液中的动态变化过程，反应动力学遵从准一级速率反应。反应机理推测为去氯化氢反应和双氯消除反应。     

电子束辐照降解水体中磺胺间甲氧嘧啶

应用电子束辐照初步探索了去除水体中磺胺间甲氧嘧啶（SMM）10mg/L的过程.研究了吸收剂量、自由基清除剂、无机盐等对辐照降解的影响.通过实验数据和模拟计算,推测了降解机理和降解路径,并对降解产物进行了毒性评估.结果表明,当吸收剂量为3.0kGy时,去除率高于99%,辐照降解效率高.在辐照降解过程中,还原消除占主导作用.降解反应遵循一级动力学方程.碳酸根、硫酸根和硝酸根等无机阴离子在一定的程度上会抑制SMM的降解.根据超高效液相色谱-质谱（UHPLC-MS）对降解产物的分析,结合高斯理论模拟,推断出9种可能的降解产物和相应的降解途径.费氏弧菌的毒性测试显示,辐照降解中间体毒性先升高后降低,在吸收剂量为2.0kGy达到最高值.     

城市污泥生物沥滤过程中重金属滤出途径的研究

以硫酸亚铁为底物,嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌为沥滤微生物对城市污泥进行生物沥滤实验,并以硫酸化学沥滤污泥处理和硫酸亚铁化学氧化沥滤污泥处理为对照来分析生物沥滤过程中6种重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni)的滤出途径。根据各处理中重金属去除率和化学形态的变化,通过估算生物沥滤过程中酸溶作用和Fe~(3+)氧化作用对重金属滤出的贡献率来推测各重金属的主要滤出途径。结果表明:Zn、Cu及Cd主要滤出途径为Fe~(~(3+))氧化作用,Pb和Cr主要通过酸溶作用滤出,而Ni的滤出则由Fe~(3+)氧化作用和酸溶作用共同控制。     

两相厌氧工艺的研究现状及其应用

两相厌氧工艺因产酸相和产甲烷相的分离而具有一系列的特点和优势。在此对两相厌氧系统进行了分析,阐述了它的理论依据和运行机理．着重剖析了两相厌氧工艺的影响因素、工艺特点和适用范围,并对其发展和实际应用现状进行了论述。表明此工艺的先进性和适用性。     

Characterization of a phenanthrene-degrading methanogenic community

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) often occur in oil-contaminated soil, coke wastewater and domestic sludge; however, associated PAH degraders in these environments are not clear. Here we evaluated phenanthrene degradation potential in the mixed samples of above environments, and obtained a methanogenic community with different microbial profile compared to those from sediments. Phenanthrene was efficiently degraded (1.26 mg/L/d) and nonstoichiometric amount of methane was produced simultaneously. 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that bacterial populations were mainly associated with Comamonadaceae Nocardiaceae and Thermodesulfobiaceae, and that methanogenic archaea groups were dominated by Methanobacterium and Methanothermobacter. Substances such as hexane, hexadecane, benzene and glucose showed the most positive effects on phenanthrene degradation. Substrate utilization tests indicated that this culture could not utilize other PAHs. These analyses could offer us some suggestions on the putative phenanthrene-degrading microbes in such environments, and might help us develop strategies for the removal of PAHs from contaminated soil and sludge.

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Effect of 2-butenal manufacture wastewater to methanogenic activity and microbial community

The inhibition ratio sharply increased with the increasing COD. The absorbance of UV-vis at 420 nm showed a linear correlation with the SMA. The molecular structure of EPS has changed when COD was 9585 mg/L. Illumina Miseq sequencing was employed to reveal the microbial composition. The synthesis of 2-butenal, which is a vital raw material for the production of sorbic acid as a food preservative, generates some toxic by-products, so it is urgent to seek better detoxification strategies for the treatment of 2-butenal manufacture wastewater. In this study, batch experiments were carried out to investigate the inhibition effect of wastewater on the methanogenic activity. To understand the wastewater toxicity to anaerobic granular sludge, variations of the specific methanogenic activity (SMA) and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) constituents at various wastewater CODs were investigated. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were employed to analyze the structure of the EPS. The results showed that the inhibitory ratio of 2-butenal manufacture wastewater was less than 8.4% on the anaerobic granular sludge when the CODs were less than 959 mg/L. However, the inhibitory ratio increased from 36.4% to 93.6% when CODs increased from 2396 mg/L to 9585 mg/L, with the SMA decreasing from 39.1 mL CH₄/(gVSS·d) to 3.2 mL CH₄/(gVSS·d). The diversity of the microbial community under various CODs was researched by Illumina 16S rRNA Miseq sequencing and the results demonstrated that Proteiniphilum、Petrimonas and Syntrophobacter were the dominant bacteria genera in all sample. Regarding archaea, Methanobacterium was the most dominated archaea genera, followed by the Methanosaeta group in all samples. Moreover, the bacterial communities had changed obviously with increasing CODs, which indicated high CODs played a negative impact on the richness and diversity of bacterial community in the sludge samples.