Association patterns of sailfin mollies (Poecilia latipinna): alternative hypotheses

Individuals may associate with each other due to a variety of selective forces, such as intra- and intersexual selection, and conspecific recognition. Previous studies have concluded that mate choice governs association behavior in polygynous species of fish. I examined whether mate choice underlies the preference for larger individuals by examining preference for association (time spent in proximity to a fish) not only between opposite-sex individuals but also between same-sex individuals of the live-bearing sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna). Males and females from three size classes were tested with a large and a small object fish of the same and opposite sex. Females preferred to associate with larger over smaller males. Males also preferred to associate with larger over smaller females, as expected. The same female and male test fish also preferred to associate with larger over smaller fish of the same sex. Moreover, females demonstrated no significant difference in their strength of preference (large–small) when offered males or females. The same held true for males. When males and females were subsequently tested with one large male and one large female, females tended to prefer large males while males showed no significant preference for association based on sex. In another experiment, females were tested with a large female and a small male, and significantly preferred the former. These findings suggest that association patterns may have arisen under a variety of conditions, such as predation pressures, shoaling behavior, and associative preference behavior. The assumption that association behavior is a uniformly sufficient predictor of mate choice in fish needs to be re-examined for P. latipinna and other species. Received: 6 November 1998 / Received in revised form: 12 May 1999 / Accepted: 12 May 1999     

NZ-1型数字管道风速仪及其现场试验

NZ-Ⅰ型数字管道风速仪能显示不同压力、温度下管道气体流速值。     

动态浸出模拟实验系统与静态浸出试验的对比

建立了动态浸出试验－－小柱模拟实验系统,研究在非饱和水条件下危险物质在填埋场中的迁移和浸出规律,并和静肪浸出实验进行比较,结果表明,在非饱和入渗条件下危险物质的浸出浓度要比静态浸出实验的结果小１００倍左右,危险发的浸出速率也远小于静实验的结果,同时,危险物质的浸出速率随废物层饮水度的增加而迅速增加。     

大直径变截面钢管复合桩竖向承载性能研究∗

为了研究大直径变截面钢管复合桩竖向承载性能,选取鱼山大桥37#桩开展了自平衡试桩试验,并利用数值模拟软件ABAQUS对实际工况进行模拟,在验证了数值模型正确性的基础上对模型施加桩顶竖向荷载,分析了其桩身轴力与钢管应力传递规律,并通过改变变截面位置参数建立不同工况模型,分析了变截面位置对桩基竖向承载性能的影响。研究结果表明:自平衡试桩试验Q-s曲线没有突变较为平缓,经计算该桩单桩承载力为120 056kN,为单桩设计桩顶最大竖向荷载38 212 kN的3.14倍,桩基足够安全;数值模拟结果与实测较为吻合,数值模拟方法以及参数选取得当;变截面位置以上桩身轴力减小较缓,变截面处桩身轴力存在突变,变截面以下桩身轴力减小较快,桩端有端阻力存在,钢管处于弹性变形阶段并未屈服;变截面位置以上桩段越长桩基抵抗竖向变形能力越强,但生产实际中应考虑材料用量以达到最优。     

生物炭基缓释肥的制备及其对土壤理化性质的影响

通过淋溶试验分析生物炭热解温度、生物炭与尿素比例、粘结剂含量对生物炭基缓释肥缓释性能的影响,采用土壤培育试验研究生物炭基缓释肥对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,600 ℃下热解而成的生物炭缓释性能优于300 ℃下热解形成的生物炭;生物炭添加比例和粘结剂含量的增加能提升生物炭基缓释肥的缓释性能;生物炭基缓释肥的加入可降低培育土壤的容重,增大土壤的饱和导水率,提高土壤pH值和土壤有机质含量。     

三元乙丙橡胶室内外老化行为及相关性分析

目的 研究三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)的室内外老化机制及其相关性.方法 开展户外拉萨、漠河、吐鲁番、万宁、武汉等站点及室内氙灯加速老化试验,通过分析表观、力学、化学结构等性能,探究EPDM室内外老化行为相关性及加速比.结果 EPDM室内外环境中老化规律为,光泽度初期迅速下降,后期趋于稳定;老化初期色差上升,后期逐渐下降.撕...     

国内外枪械自然环境试验概况

简要介绍国内外的枪械环境试验管理及枪械的自然环境试验情况,建议将环境工程的概念纳入到枪械设计制造中,努力提高枪械环境适应性,打造我国的世界名枪。     

物化生化联合工艺处理城市废水生产试验研究

采用物化生化联合工艺进行了城市污水处理的生产性试验 ,试验结果表明 :联合工艺同时具有物化法和生化法的优点 ,用它来处理城市污水时 ,处理效率高 ,时间短 ,运行费用低 ,COD、BOD5、SS、NH3-N、T -P的平均去除率分别为 70 .4 %、83 .2 %、87.1 %、58.6 %、92 .3 % ,污水的总停留时间约 3h,处理每吨污水的运行费用为 0 .33元。污水经处理后出水指标达到国家GB8979- 1 996及广州GD4437- 90城市污水排放一级标准     

用有证标准样品进行能力验证的方法探讨

探讨了采用多组有证标准样品进行能力验证的方法 ,该方法对同一个项目选择几种不同标准值的有证标准物质作为测试样品 ,将测试结果统一用偏离度p作为能力量进行评定 ,p =(测试值 -标准值 ) /标准值的不确定度。将该方法应用于湖北省环境监测系统2 0 0 3年能力验证 ,结果表明 ,p具有可比性和统计意义 ,采用多组有证标准物质进行能力验证的方法是可行的     

粉煤灰浸出特性试验研究

以太原二电厂粉煤灰浸出试验为例,对火电厂粉煤灰长期堆放造成水环境污染的规律进行研究.试验结果表明：粉煤灰水中的酸碱性受灰中 SO3与碱性金属氧化物含量的影响;粉煤灰浸出液 pH值越低,越利于粉煤灰中微量元素的浸出;同时粉煤灰的粒径越小,各元素的浸出浓度较高.