Wood-Specific Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Patterns in Soot Using Gas Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Laser Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (GC-APLI-MS)

If organic matter is burnt, the combustion of wood produces the highest amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) compared with other fossil energy sources such as oil, coal, or gas. Emissions from wood combustion are increasingly of special interest due to the rising use of wood as a renewable energy source in residential heating in Europe. To the authors' knowledge, reproducible wood-specific PAH patterns in soot were identified for the first time by use of a sampling interval of only 5 min in this study. The short sampling interval was enabled by the very sensitive analytical method of gas chromatography–atmospheric pressure laser ionization–mass spectrometry (GC-APLI-MS) applied. The analysis of 40 PAH of soot from wood logs of spruce, pine, larch (softwood) and beech, birch, oak (hardwood), and wood pellets, as well as wood briquettes, showed 13.46–250.62 mg/kg for ∑40 PAH and 10.75–177.94 mg/kg for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency PAH standard (without acenaphthylene and anthracene). Highest concentrations occurred in the samples from birch with bark, beech, and wood briquettes. Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, naphthalene, and alkylated naphthalenes were also detected. Significant concentrations of the very toxic dibenzopyrenes (up to 11.30 mg/kg) are reported. Softwood soot contained highest amounts of 2–4-ring PAH, followed by hardwood which is in accordance with the presence of highest amounts of abietic acid in softwood, a known precursor of retene and phenanthrene. PAH in soot from five spruce samples from different locations show a mean ∑40 PAH concentration of 13.46 mg/kg (n = 5, minimum 8.03, maximum 23.32 mg/kg, SD = 5.65) and exhibited a typical pattern that differed from all other wood soot samples. The distributions of alkylated naphthalenes of the spruce samples show a bell-shape distribution in contrast to the alkylated phenanthrenes/anthracenes of all samples (except the wood pellets), showing a slope distribution. The data indicate that wood-specific PAH patterns exist and under the applied conditions, spruce logs produced the least toxic soot.     

Risk Assessment of 26 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Compounds in Parkıng Garages

The aim of this study was to determine the level of 26 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at parking garages and to provide the necessary annual information based on occupational inhalation exposure and non-occupational inhalation exposure, which carry risks for the environment. For this purpose, 22 samples were collected continuously from both gas and particulates phase PAHs from two parking garages at Konya City Center, Turkey. The exposure-based risk of these samples was evaluated using concentrations of the carcinogenic PAH compounds. None of the 26 PAHs measured had values exceeding the recommended exposure limits (RELs) standard values for inhalation rate recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Exposure levels of gas and particulate PAHs for the occupational group and the public (children and adults who spend time in shopping centers) were found to be 0.07–28.24 μgm^?3 and 0.05–5.753 μgm^?3, respectively, representing levels two to four times higher than those at the control site. Maximum daily inhalation of B[a]Py was estimated at 1.33 ngd^?1 for exposure of the public and as 274 ngd^?1 for the occupational group. It is believed that traffic makes a substantial contribution to the PAH profile, which had relatively high concentrations of naphthalene (Napth) and coronene (Coro). Highly carcinogenic dibenzo(a,l)pyrene (B[al]Pyre) was found in the ambient air at two parking garages. Napth and phenanthrene (Phen) were the main compounds found in nearly all the tested samples. In this study, benzo[e]pyrene (B[e]Py) was used as a reference for PAHs because its concentration is stable and does not change seasonally. Considering the importance of these compounds in relation to human health, the aim of this work was to characterize and quantify the more toxic PAHs in parking garages. Conducting PAH sampling and their chemical analysis is very costly and labor intensive. This study produced data that can be a powerful tool for environmental forensics.     

腐植酸强化苯酚厌氧发酵降解

在无外加电子受体的条件下,首次研究了腐植酸对活性污泥厌氧降解苯酚的影响。研究结果表明,腐植酸Suwannee River Humic Acid Standard(SR-HA)、Leonardite Humic Acid Standard(L-HA)和Pahokee Peat Humic Acid(PP-HA)作为氧化还原介体能够提高苯酚的厌氧发酵降解效率。其中腐植酸PP-HA对苯酚的厌氧降解表现出了最为明显的强化效果,反应进行36 h后,苯酚去除率提高了18.5%。当单独投加的PP-HA浓度在0至100 mg/L范围内,苯酚的厌氧降解效率随着腐植酸浓度增加而逐渐提高,而浓度大于100 mg/L后,腐植酸对苯酚降解效率的促进作用随着PP-HA浓度的增加逐渐减缓。除此之外,当低浓度的蒽醌-2-磺酸钠(AQS)(0.02 m M)和PP-HA(20 mg/L)在反应体系中共存时,相比于无介体存在的对照组,苯酚厌氧降解效率提高了约1.4倍。产物分析结果表明,乙酸和CH4作为苯酚发酵降解的重要产物被检测出来。最后,在氧化还原介体腐植酸的存在下,初步探讨了苯酚厌氧发酵降解的代谢途径。     

一株耐盐柴油降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解性能

从某油田附近受石油污染土壤中分离出一株以柴油为惟一碳源的耐盐菌株LS1。通过对菌株的生理生化特性、菌体的形态观察及16S r DNA基因序列分析鉴定菌株LS1为假单胞菌属(pseudomonas)。该菌株可耐受的最高盐度(Na Cl)和柴油浓度分别为6%~8%和12 000 mg/L。菌株生长的适宜p H和温度条件分别为6.0~8.0和28~36℃。在盐度为6%、p H为7.0、温度为32℃、菌种投加量为10%的条件下,初始浓度为3 000 mg/L的柴油经6 d降解后,去除率可达78.3%,加入适量外加碳源葡萄糖和蔗糖,可使降解率分别提高至92%和90%左右。菌株LS1的耐盐机理可能是通过在细胞内积累甜菜碱以调节菌株细胞内外渗透压平衡。投加甜菜碱可提高耐盐菌LS1在高盐环境下对柴油的降解效率。     

选择性吸附-高效生物降解法处理含硝基苯与苯酚混合废水

结合NDA-150型树脂（简称树脂）选择性吸附和生物降解的优点,对含硝基苯和苯酚的模拟混合废水（简称混合废水）进行处理。通过树脂的选择性吸附,使混合废水中的硝基苯和苯酚分离,随后用高效菌对树脂所吸附的硝基苯进行生物降解,同时实现树脂的再生。实验结果表明：通过调节混合废水的pH,树脂可有效地将混合废水中的硝基苯和苯酚进行选择性吸附分离;树脂对硝基苯的吸附是可逆的;树脂的再生程度受微生物对可利用硝基苯质量浓度的下限（1．2mg／L）限制;吸附-生物再生循环实验结果表明,该树脂可有效抵抗微生物的生物降解与破坏。     

采用两段SBR工艺处理石化废水

采用两段序批式活性污泥反应器（SBR）工艺处理高浓度石化废水,考察了DO、MLSS、反应温度对废水处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,两段SBR系统中有机物降解存在着不同的作用机理,第一段主要以去除易降解有机物为主,第二段主要以去除难降解有机物为主。在进水COD为4000mg／L、SBR1中DO为4～5mg／L、MLSS为5000mg／L,SBR2中DO为2～4mg／L、MLSS为3000mg／L、反应温度约为20℃的条件下,废水COD去除率达90％以上。     

单歧藻对烷基酚类化合物的生物降解性研究

以4-乙基酚为研究对象,研究其在单歧藻作用下的可降解性及其影响因素,然后对邻甲酚,间甲酚,4-辛基酚的生物降解动力学进行了比较,最后运用生物降解数据logK对8种烷基酚类化合物进行了结构-生物降解性(QSBR)的研究。研究结果表明:单歧藻对烷基酚类化合物的降解速率与藻细胞浓度和有机物初始浓度有关,化合物的降解动力学常数K值由污染物的初始浓度所决定,化合物的疏水性参数logKOW、分子量MW、一级价键连接指数1XV、二级价键连接指数2XV、生成热ΔHf和分子偶极距μ能够较好地拟合烷基酚类化合物的生物降解速率,其中2XV拟合效果最好。并在此基础上,初步分析了烷基酚类化合物的生物降解机理,认为空间参数是决定其生物降解的主要因素,化合物的生成热和电性参数μ、Ehomo的影响也不可忽视。     

水葫芦厌氧发酵工程化应用研究

在实验室进行了接种率、破碎程度和温度等对水葫芦厌氧发酵产气率的影响研究.结果表明:水葫芦在中温35℃下,水葫芦和接种污泥的最佳接种率为1:1(总固体物质比),经简单切分后产气率最高,原料产气率为0.540 m3/d(以每千克固体含量计,下同);高温消化与中温消化相比,产气率无明显优势.在实验室研究基础上,对中国农村地区原有的沼气发酵工艺进行适当的改进,设计构建了5 m3 15 m3(酸化池 产气池)两级反应池,该反应池在夏季常温条件下运行良好,80 d的平均原料产气率达0.305 m3/d.     

污泥投配率对污泥中温厌氧消化效果影响的试验研究

试验装置采用半连续流污泥中温厌氧消化反应器,污泥培养接近成熟后开始每天按不同污泥投配率加泥和排泥.结果表明:污泥投配率在3%～10%时,有机物分解率先增大后减小,去除率均在30%以上;污泥投配率在15%和20%时,污泥的有机物去除率非常小;污泥投配率在5%时,有机物分解率最大为41.2%;单位VSS产气量随污泥投配率的增大而呈先急剧上升后逐渐下降的趋势,当污泥投配率为5%时,单位VSS产气量为0.60 L/g,符合美国污水处理厂设计手册标准,其他污泥投配率下该指标均小于0.4 L/g.因此,认为实验用污泥中温消化的最佳污泥投配率为5%,这时污泥的可消化性较好.     

氟苯胺同系物降解性能对比实验研究

利用驯化污泥研究了邻氟苯胺、对氟苯胺、2,4-二氟苯胺的好氧生物降解性能.结果表明,3种氟苯胺的好氧生物降解性能从高到低依次为,对氟苯胺、邻氟苯胺和2,4-二氟苯胺.降解动力学分析表明,在初始浓度在8～50 mg·L^-1范围内,除2,4-二氟苯胺在实验浓度8.56 mg/L时为一级反应,其他为零级反应.且它们的降解规律都符合Monod方程.污染物化学结构特性与其生物降解性能相关性研究表明,热力学参数与氟苯胺好氧生物降解性能相关性最好,空间参数次之,而电性参数最差.并研究了共代谢条件下葡萄糖和苯胺对2,4-二氟苯胺的好氧降解的影响,葡萄糖的引入有促进作用,而苯胺只在一定浓度范围内有促进作用.因而,氟苯胺的生产废水与生活污水合并处理以及多种组分混合废水处理是可行的.