Evidence of a maternal foraging cycle resembling that of otariid seals in a small phocid,the harbor seal

Summary Lactation strategies in the two largest families of seals have been characterized as a phylogenetic dichotomy, with sea lions and fur seals (Otariidae) exhibiting foraging cycles and true seals (Phocidae) a strategy of fasting. We show that a lactating phocid, the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina, has a foraging cycle similar to that of otariids. Time-depth recorders attached to lactating harbor seal mothers revealed that 9 of 11 females began bouts of diving, averaging 12–40 m, by mid-lactation (12 days). During the remainder of lactation, females made an average of seven diving trips, lasting about 7 h. They returned to the rookery during the interval between successive bouts to nurse their pups. Diving was more frequent during daylight than at night and diving bouts increased in duration as lactation progressed. The diving behavior of females that had weaned their pups and previously collected data from stomach lavage, suggest that the bouts of diving represent successful foraging. We propose that the lactation strategy of the harbor seal is intermediate to that of the otariids and other phocids studied. The harbor seal has a foraging cycle like the otariids, but typically resembles other phocids in length of lactation, rate of mass gain in pups, and in milk fat content. As harbor seals are among the smallest phocids, and only slightly larger than most otariids, it seems likely that maternal size constrains the amount of stored energy harbor seal females can bring to the rookery, forcing them to start feeding during the lactation period.Correspondence to: D.J. Boness     

氮源及其添加模式对钝齿棒杆菌JDN28-75合成L-精氨酸的影响

氮源是微生物过量合成L-精氨酸的重要营养因子之一,不同氮源对钝齿棒杆菌JDN28-75合成L-精氨酸的影响研究结果表明,硫酸铵为合适的氮源.不同初始硫酸铵浓度对JDN28-75产L-精氨酸的影响研究结果表明,氮源浓度过高或不足,都会使最终L-精氨酸产量有所降低.低浓度的硫酸铵虽然有利于菌体生长,但对L-精氨酸的合成明显不利,同时糖酸转化率也较低;而高浓度的硫酸铵尽管不利于细胞的生长且造成发酵结束时残糖含量过高,却有利于细胞合成L-精氨酸且实际耗糖的糖酸转化率维持在一个较高的水平.初始硫酸铵浓度为60 g/L时,对JDN28-75菌体的生长有明显的抑制作用,最终发酵液中剩余的硫酸铵也较多(大于30 g/L),但高浓度的硫酸铵是L-精氨酸合成所必需的.在上述研究结果的基础上,确定了初始硫酸铵浓度为20 g/L条件下的补氮策略,比较了4种不同的硫酸铵补加模式对产L-精氨酸的影响,结果表明,在总的硫酸铵浓度相同的情况下,采取分批、低浓度添加氮源的方式既可以有效解除发酵前期高浓度硫酸铵对菌体生长的抑制作用,又可以有效维持发酵中后期体系中菌体合成L-精氨酸所需的较高比例的氮源.最后,在5 L全自动发酵罐中采用20 g/L的初始硫酸铵浓度,连续流加25%的氨水来控制发酵体系pH及补加氮源,L-精氨酸的产量可以达到31.7 g/L,较对照组的产酸量(26.0 g/L)提高了21.9%.图4表2参11     

我国水产品的生产状况、质量和安全问题及其控制对策

对我国近年来水产品的生产及其品质安全状况的调查分析表明,水产业的快速发展,促进农村经济的发展,改善人民的膳食结构,但水产品质量与安全问题日益突出。一些水产品中激素、抗生素、重金属、农药残留等污染物超标,水产品加工中的添加剂、微生物等不符合卫生标准。这些问题的产生与环境污染、法规体制、检测手段以及政府监管等多种因素有关。在研究分析的基础上,提出了控制我国水产品质量安全的对策。     

我国农村连锁商业企业营销战略初探

随着我国经济的日益发展,农村连锁商业市场发展潜力巨大.本文通过分析我国农村连锁商业企业发展的营销环境,初步探讨了在农村进行连锁商业经营的基本营销战略.     

基于博弈模型的水价策略与节水策略分析

在当前水资源浪费、用水效率较低的背景下,仍然有许多地区继续实行低水价政策,本文认为这是供水企业与用水企业以及政府水务部门相互博弈的结果。通过构建一个供水企业与用水企业的博弈模型,并采用演化博弈分析方法分析动态演化的结果,本文发现当前采用低水价的主要原因在于：供水企业制定水价时要同时考虑私人收益与公共节水收益,而高水价对经济产生的冲击成本不足以弥补高水价产生的公共节水收益与私人收益,从而导致有些地区供水企业不敢提高水价,一直采用低水价策略。进一步地,本文采用不完全信息动态博弈方法分析供水企业与政府关于水价的议定过程,发现提高水价对经济的冲击越大,且节水技术投入成本越大而节水的公共收益越小时,政府水务部门同意低水价的概率越大;反之,则同意高水价的概率越大。从博弈论的角度系统地分析了低水价产生的决策过程,可对提高水价、促进节约用水具有一定的指导意义。     

组织因素对飞行员不安全行为的干预策略研究

为了对飞行员的不安全行为进行科学有效的管理,挖掘组织因素带来的深层影响,防止因飞行员不安全行为造成的不安全事件发生,运用系统动力学方法,构建组织因素对飞行员不安全行为的干预策略模型。以S航空公司为研究对象,通过调节组织因素中的飞行技术训练力度和奖惩力度等变量,制定不同的干预策略,运用VENSIM软件模拟不同干预策略的干预结果。研究结果表明:飞行员不安全行为的最佳干预策略组合为安全记录考核奖励程度、副驾驶转正/机长升职力度、监管力度、罚款力度、飞行技术训练强度的组合,到2020年实现不安全行为数量平均降低26%,在2020年改变干预策略数值,到2030年实现不安全行为数量平均降低54%。     

Development of a mitigation system against hydrogen-air deflagrations in nuclear power plants

A novel mitigation system against hydrogen-air deflagrations in nuclear power plant buildings is proposed and developed through a series of field experiments using explosion vessels of different volume sizes. The mitigation system is installed on the outer surface of the vessels, and it comprises flame arrester and explosion air bag. The flame arrester is made by stacking 10–20 sheets of fine-mesh wire screens, and the air bag is connected for holding explosion gas. The successful mitigation mechanism is the sequence of pressure-rise reduction by the air bag expansion, flame quenching by the flame arrester, and the slow burning of the gas mixture sucked from the air bag back into the vessel due to the negative pressure caused by the rapid condensation of water vapor inside the vessel. Necessary conditions for the successful mitigation system are discussed, and the practical unit size of flame arrester sheet is recommended.     

长沙市大气中总挥发性有机物分布特征、变化规律及污染对策研究

为调查长沙市大气中TVOC的分布特征及变化规律,研究其污染控制措施,按照相关标准和技术规范,在不同的功能区划和行政区划内合理布设12个监测点位,分季节采集样品,使用热脱附－气相色谱法进行检测,利用反距离权重插值和遥感解译等方法进行综合分析。结果表明：长沙市大气中苯与甲苯（ B／T）特征比值为0．58,汽车尾气是长沙市苯系物和TVOC的主要来源;长沙市不同的工业区TVOC浓度有显著差异,工业区合理布局,增加绿化面积,可以有效的降低TVOC浓度。     

Translating mitigation measures proposed in environmental impact statements into planning conditions: Promises and practices by multinational platinum mining firms along the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is identified as an important instrument for facilitating environmental protection and sustainable development. However, since its emergence there has been a growing interest in examining its translation from theory into practice. This paper reviews the translation of mitigation measures proposed in environmental impact statements (EISs) into planning conditions at two platinum mining and processing projects along the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe. By comparing mitigation measures proposed in EISs and those included in environmental management plans (EMPs), examining views of environmental managers and local residents, as well as field observations the mitigation implementation status is verified and evaluated. Results show that 52% of mitigation measures proposed in EISs and mostly procedural are translated into planning conditions. Residents near the platinum processing plant were not satisfied with the mitigation of sulphur dioxide, dust and noise impacts on their health. The need to incorporate and enforce substantive mitigation measures in EISs and planning conditions is recommended for the future.     

National baseline survey of soil quality in the Netherlands

To determine background values of the 252 chemical compounds listed in Dutch legislation, a survey was designed with the aim of estimating percentiles of the cumulative frequency distributions and areal fractions exceeding the former, legislative reference values. Sampling locations were selected by probability sampling, so that in estimating the target quantities no model assumptions on the spatial variation were required, and valid estimates could be obtained by design-based inference. Strata in random sampling were formed by overlaying an aggregated soil map and land use map. For most of the heavy metals the areal fraction with concentrations in the topsoil (0-10 cm) exceeding the reference value was smaller than the allowable maximum of 5%. For these compounds a background value was determined smaller than the reference value. Exceptions were V, Co, Ba and Cu, for which a background value was defined (slightly) larger than the reference value.