Correlating negotiation hotspot issues,Paris climate agreement and the international climate policy regime

The concerns over climate change negotiation, decision texts and links to domestic policy interests of countries to keep warming within an acceptable limit have become the ‘hotspot issues’ of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Hotspot issues are the human – political economy factors which have evolved over time from negotiation texts or phrases, principles or behaviors with tendencies to influence climate negotiations yet cannot be identified with the scientific literature. Whilst big emitters have been accused as having hegemony over the negotiations, the effects of disunity amongst the parties over domestic policy interests have been overlooked. Hence the article examines the emergence of hotspot issues and how they manifest within the international climate policy regime. The Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) of 130 countries submitted before the Paris agreement, were analyzed using the following texts: Adaptation, Mitigation, Co-benefits, Finance, Land use, Food security, Poverty, Resilience, Green growth, Green economy, Sustainable development, Biodiversity, Ecosystem services and Conservation. Of these, ‘adaptation’ was cited 2780 times, 1956 for ‘mitigation’ and 32 for ‘ecosystem services’ in the nature conservation category. Ten phases of the climate policy regime and historical hotspot issues were identified for the period 1980–2030. ‘Adaptation’ and mitigation appeared more frequently in the INDCs and correlated with each other (r = 0.56), as the two correlated further with ‘land use’ (0.50 < r < 0.60), and similarly with sustainable development (0.40 < r < 0.70) where ‘r’ is the Pearson Rank Correlation. Therefore the success of the ‘ambitious targets’ for mitigation will depend on similar ambitious goals for adaptation, land use and sustainable development. Several differences existed in the correlation of the hotspot issues within the regional geographical blocs (Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania, South America) and split along the hotspot issues yet Europe mostly oriented towards mitigation and land use, and Oceania on resilience building. These differences provide favorable conditions for increased cooperation and true multilateralism if they are properly diagnosed.     

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阐述分析红岗区域范围内的水质、土壤、草原等与生态环境密不可分的环境质量,并提出了建设和改善区域内生态环境的具体措施.     

企业生存与发展的环境影响及战略

本文分析了企业的内、外环境对企业政策和战略的影响因素和过程,提出了企业为适应环境变化而进行内部的诊断和评估的方法,以及制订适宜的政策和战略的程序。     

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中国是一个发展中国家,经济已进入高速增长阶段,因而应从实际出发,选择一条既发展经济,又保护环境的持续发展道路。《中国21世纪议程》阐述了持续发展的战略思想、总体目标和步骤,是我国推行持续发展战略的有力保证,亦是指导今后中国环境保护工作的行动指南。     

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核能是一种能量密度大、稳定性好、燃料运输量小、综合经济效益好的能源。世界各国核电在总发电量中的比例逐年上升,1992年达17％,而我国仅占0.1％。在目前我国电力短缺的条件下,发展核电、提高核电在总电量中的比例,不失为我国发展能源工业的一个战略目标。在发展核电过程中,要重视核废物的处理和处置,以保证人类健康和环境免遭放射性的污染。     

鄱阳湖一些水文特征和整治战略

本文分析研究了鄱阳湖湖水面积和容积大,随水位变动月际变化也大,过境水径流的年际、月际变化大,但对“五河”和长江水量调节量小、又不适时的水文特征。提出了驯服“五河”,人工控制鄱阳湖,协调长江、“五河”与鄱阳湖的关系,整治鄱阳湖的战略。     

白鱀豚种群现状、致危因素及保护策略的研究

受人类活动的影响，白鱀豚种群衰减速度加快。１９８６年种群数量不足３００头；１９９１年发现又有减少。致危原因是：受葛洲坝水利工程的影响，受裁弯工程影响，受江湖阻隔、江水污染、航船噪声、食物鱼减少等因素影响，白豚栖息活动的缓回水区环境恶化，严重干扰了白　豚的生存和繁衍。抢救白　豚首先要保护好白　豚赖以生存的缓回水区，减少意外死亡。继而活捕白　豚，将部分个体从长江干流移入人工饲养池、半自然水域或自然水域内进行养护繁殖，同时大力加强科学研究，提高保护效能。     

社会发展的软件建设

本文认为社会发展的软件建设,首先要研究制定社会发展的战略与规划,并把握战略的全局谋划和規划的总体安排;其次是以人为主体,将提高人的素质作为社会发展的基础,来促进社会发展的良性循环;再者以深化改革促进社会发展过程中人与自然的协调共存,逐步形成社会发展的良性运行机制;最后是探索管理模式,保证社会持续发展。     

广州市生态风险重点及其防范策略

为了构建更适宜居住生活、更适宜创业发展的山水田园型生态城市，为实现城市可持续发展的总目标，广州市必须系统而有重点地防范生态风险，解决制约广州城市发展的重点和潜在的战略生态问题，保障城市生态安全。本文着重探讨了广州城市发展中的台风、暴雨、洪涝、临海重工业的发展布局与近岸海域生态系统的保护、饮用水保障与水环境质量、机动车尾气污染与大气环境质量等重点生态环境问题及其防范策略。