模拟火灾闪燃现象特征值之研究

建筑物火灾闪燃现象一直受世界研究者之重视。因为它呈现了火势动态行为中一个重要特征。火灾成长期中,闪燃可视为一种临界事件,如果其发生即代表系统稳定初步失败。为了解如此重要机制,本研究回顾了区划空间火灾成长数学公式,并另外参考英国受丁堡大学所发展之统治方程式,使用MATLAB软体为工具,来求解非线性常微分与火势暂态相关曲线,俾发掘出内在可能的行为机制。模拟结果指出,闪燃是火势发现过程中温度极具热不稳定性,尝参数受到微小扰动下即有可能产生状态极大变化;尤其,透过特征值可以发现系统何时丧失稳定性。另外,本文也当试针对台湾921地震后使用之组合屋作实验性火灾模拟,研究结果不仅计算出该型建屋之单一特征值,而且也模拟出火势发生时之特征值曲线,来显示出热物理之演化过程。     

Mn@海藻酸微球吸附去除盐酸四环素及其类Fenton再生

以海藻酸钠为基体,制备出了Mn@海藻酸复合吸附剂.采用FE-SEM、EDS和FT-IR对产品的结构进行了表征,研究了Mn@海藻酸复合吸附剂吸附去除盐酸四环素水溶液的过程,主要考察了溶液初始浓度、p H和吸附时间对盐酸四环素吸附过程的影响,同时进行了动力学、等温模型和热力学分析,并对吸附剂的再生进行了评价.结果表明,盐酸四环素溶液初始浓度越大,平衡吸附量越大;强酸不利于Mn@海藻酸微球吸附反应的进行;随着时间的延长,吸附量呈逐渐增加的趋势.动力学模拟结果表明,吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir等温模型;热力学参数ΔG0,ΔH0,ΔS0,表明该吸附过程为自发吸热过程.通过构造Fenton-like反应体系,表面富集有盐酸四环素的Mn@海藻酸微球吸附剂可有效实现原位再生,重复使用.研究结果对含盐酸四环素废水的处理提供重要的理论依据.     

有机酸溶解砖红壤过程中Mn（Ⅱ）的释放规律

研究土壤Mn（Ⅱ）释放规律对揭示锰氧化物的形成机制和了解酸性土壤锰毒效应大小具有重要意义.结果表明,柠檬酸溶解砖红壤过程中,Mn（Ⅱ）的释放速率在前4 h比较迅速,其释放数量可达24 h反应时间内总释放量的59.5%,但随后释放速率逐渐减缓.快速阶段被认为是土壤表面交换态Mn（Ⅱ）的释放,而慢速阶段则与土壤锰氧化物的缓...     

农村饮用井水铁锰含量升高调查与探讨

饮用水质量与人体健康密切相关.水中所含的铁、锰是人体必需的微量元素,但其含量过多或过少都会对人类的机体代谢产生不利影响.随着经济社会的高速发展,环境污染日益严重,水体污染事件不断出现.从区域地质环境、周边生产状况等方面分析了该地区地下水污染成因,并对饮用井水中铁、锰元素含量过高提出了简易的处理方法.     

A Multi-body Integrated Vehicle-Occupant Model for Compatibility Studies in Frontal Crashes

Vehicle acceleration and passenger compartment intrusion primarily determine car occupant injury risk. A new integrated vehicle-occupant model was developed and validated to predict these vehicle responses in offset, concentrated or full-width impact with various objects. The multi-body mathematical model consisted of a compartment, dash-panel and toepan-area and a front structure. The front structure was subdivided in 12 segments and a power-train, which were connected to the firewall by kinematic joints. The joints used local stiffness obtained from load-cell barrier crash-tests, and enabled local deformation of the vehicle front Similarly, the dash-panel and toepan were connected to the compartment, which enabled local intrusion into the compartment. A vehicle interior was modeled to enable contact-interactions with occupants, and the firewall geometry was included for interactions with the power-train.

The vehicle-model was validated with full frontal and 50% offset data and predicted vehicle acceleration, crush profile and local intrusion well. The validity of the model indicates its applicability in a wide range of frontal (non-distributed) collisions. Due to the use of local stiffness data, the model can greatly improve accident reconstruction research especially in frontal offset and pole impacts at both high and low speeds. The vehicle-model can be easily adjusted by changing vehicle-mass, size, or local stiffnesses of the front structure, and is a useful tool in compatibility research to estimate trends in car crash compatibility.     

ICP-AES法测定煤矸石中的Ni、Fe、Mn、Cr

取1.000g矸石样品于聚四氟乙烯坩埚中,加入5mLH2O2放置过夜,加6mL浓HCl,4mL浓HNO3,在微波炉中消解至近干,再加2mLHF,继续消解至粘稠状,用温热稀HCl溶解残渣,转入50mL容量瓶中,加1%HNO3定容,用ICP-AES法测定煤矸中Ni、Fe、Mn、Cr。在选定的测定条件下,检出限分别为0.013mg/L、0.0044mg/L、0.0014mg/L和0.0069mg/L;精密度的相对标准偏差分别为2.9%、3.4%、3.1%、2.1%;准确度实验铬的回收率在97.5%～106.0%之间。     

Practical performance and its efficiency of arsenic removal from groundwater using Fe-Mn binary oxide

A treatment unit packed by granular adsorbent of Fe-Mn binary oxide incorporated into diatomite (FMBO(1:1)-diatomite) was studied to remove arsenic from anaerobic groundwater without any pre-treatment or post-treatment. The raw anaerobic groundwater containing 35-45 μg/L of arsenic was collected from suburb of Beijing. Arsenic(III) constituted roughly 60%-80% of the total arsenic content. Approximately 7,000 bed volumes (ratio of efluent volume to adsorbent volume) treated water with arsenic concentration below 10 μg/L were produced in the operation period of four months. The regeneration of FMBO(1:1)-diatomite had been operated for 15 times. In the first stage, the regeneration process significantly improved the adsorption capacity of FMBO(1:1)-diatomite. With increased loading amount of Fe-Mn binary oxide, the adsorption capacity for arsenic decreased 20%-40%. Iron and manganese in anaerobic groundwater were oxidized and adsorptive filtrated by FMBO(1:1)-diatomite efficiently. The final concentrations of iron and manganese in efluents were nearly zero. The continued safe performance of the treatment units proved that adsorbent FMBO(1:1)-diatomite had high oxidation ability and exhibited strong adsorptive filtration.     

水钠锰矿的锰氧化度与Pb2+吸附量的关系

研究水钠锰矿对重金属离子的吸附,其结构中八面体空穴特点与重金属离子吸附的关系是人们关注的热点.采用酸性和碱性2种介质条件合成了具有不同锰氧化度的2个系列水钠锰矿,研究了它们的锰氧化度(average oxidation state of Mn, AOS)与其d₁₁₀面网间距和Pb²⁺的最大吸附量的关系,以及Pb²⁺吸附量与Mn²⁺、H⁺和K⁺释放量的关系.结果表明,同系列的水钠锰矿具有相似的晶体形貌,它们的锰氧化度与其d₁₁₀面网间距呈极显著的负相关(r =-0.903 5<-0.661 4,n=14,α=0.01),而与Pb²⁺的最大吸附量呈极显著的正相关(r=0.977 9>0.661 4,n=14,α=0.01),供试水钠锰矿锰氧化度的高低表观上反映了结构中八面体空穴数量的多少,水钠锰矿随着锰氧化度的提高,导致其结构中的八面体空穴数增多,对Pb²⁺的吸附容量增大,八面体空穴数量对Pb²⁺的吸附量的大小起着非常重要的作用.Pb²⁺的吸附量与吸附过程中Mn²⁺、H⁺和K⁺的释放量之和呈极显著的正相关(r = 0.996 2 > 0.661 4,n = 14,α = 0.01),Pb²⁺吸附过程中伴随的Mn²⁺、H⁺和K⁺的释放主要来自于水钠锰矿结构中八面体空穴处吸附的相应阳离子.吸附前Mn²⁺,Mn³⁺与H⁺、K⁺占据水钠锰矿结构中八面体空穴上下方位点的相对多少受水钠锰矿的锰氧化度高低的影响,锰氧化度低时,八面体空穴上下方位点吸附Mn²⁺、Mn³⁺较多,吸附的H⁺、K⁺则较少,反之亦然.     

USY负载MnOx催崔化剂NH3选择还原NOx性能的研究

采用USY分子筛为载体制备MnOx催化剂,考察了制备方法、前躯体、焙烧温度、催化组分负载量不同的情况下NH3选择催化还原NOx的能力,同时考察了添加Fe和Ce对Mn/USY催化剂脱硝性能的影响.结果表明,采用浸渍法负载10％的醋酸锰并在500℃下焙烧所制得的催化剂,在80～320℃范围内具有很高的催化活性;Fe、Ce的...     

重庆秀山锰矿区土壤和植物锰污染调查与评价

文章通过现场取样对重庆秀山锰矿区锰污染状况进行了调查分析。应用地积累指数法对锰矿区矿渣堆以及农田土壤Mn污染进行评价,结果表明矿区土壤及部分农田土壤Mn污染极其严重。矿区植物对Mn的吸收表现为富集型植物(如垂序商陆Phytolacca americana Linn.)、根部囤积型植物(如紫花香薷Elsholfizia argyi Levl.)、规避型植物(如长波叶山蚂蝗Desmodium sequax Wall.),可根据其特点通过制定合理的植被恢复措施修复Mn污染土壤。采用单项污染指数法对矿区种植蔬菜的Mn污染水平进行评价,发现辣椒、萝卜的食用部分受Mn污染极严重,长期食用这些蔬菜对人体健康存在很大风险。