The influence of confounding factors on the relationship between muscle contraction level and MF and MPF values of EMG signal: a review

The purpose of this article is to gather results of studies on the relationship between median frequency (MF) and mean power frequency (MPF) and the level of muscle contraction, and to use those results to discuss the differences in the trends according to factors related to measurement technique and subject. Twenty-one studies with 63 cases for upper limb muscles and nine studies with 31 cases for lower limb muscles were analysed. Most results showed an increase in parameters with an increased level of muscle contraction, only some studies showed a decrease. The influence on parameters of the level of muscle contraction and factors such as subjects, type of contraction, muscle length and electrodes was analysed for each muscle. It was concluded that when analysing the influence of different factors on MF and MPF, because those factors interact they should be considered together, not separately.     

Enhanced photoelectrocatalytic degradation of ammonia by in situ photoelectrogenerated active chlorine on TiO2 nanotube electrodes

TiO_2 nanotube(Ti NT) electrodes anodized in fluorinated organic solutions were successfully prepared on Ti sheets. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) were performed to characterize the TiNT electrodes. The linear voltammetry results under irradiation showed that the TiNT electrode annealed at 450°C presented the highest photoelectrochemical activity. By combining photocatalytic with electrochemical process, a significantly synergetic effect on ammonia degradation was observed with Na_2SO_4 as supporting electrolyte at pH 10.7. Furthermore, the photoelectrocatalytic efficiency on the ammonia degradation was greatly enhanced in presence of chloride ions without the limitation of pH. The degradation rate was improved by 14.8 times reaching 4.98 × 10~(-2) min~(-1) at pH 10.7 and a faster degradation rate of 6.34 × 10~(-2) min~(-1)was obtained at pH 3.01. The in situ photoelectrocatalytic generated active chlorine was proposed to be responsible for the improved efficiency. On the other hand, an enhanced degradation of ammonia using TiNT electrode fabricated in fluorinated organic solution was also confirmed compared to TiNT electrode anodized in fluorinated water solution and TiO_2 film electrode fabricated by sol–gel method. Finally, the effect of chloride concentration was also discussed.     

进近管制员工作进程分类及工作负荷研究

空中交通管制员是管制工作的核心,其工作负荷直接决定该管制空域的飞行容量,而管制员的工作负荷包括可观察的客观负荷和认知理解的主观负荷两类。借鉴国外的MBB,DORA原理,将雷达管制的实施细分为18个工作进程,并通过调查、统计,确定每一工作进程的难度系数;通过多角度摄像方式对成都进近管制室雷达管制席位的工作进行长时间的拍摄,参照划分的工作进程对采集的数据进行深入的统计、分析,采用MMBB方法计算出指挥单架飞机的操作时间和思考时间;确定得出管制单架飞机的工作负荷,以及该空域的容量。     

电絮凝法处理PVC化工废水的试验研究

利用电絮凝法处理PVC化工废水,研究了极板材料、原水pH值、反应时间、电流密度、极板间距对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,电絮凝法去除PVC化工废水中的浊度和COD时,在使用铝合金极板,pH值为8.0,电流密度为30 mA/cm2,极板间距为1.5 cm,反应20 min后出水浊度≤5NUT,COD≤60 mg/L。优于传统药剂絮凝对浊度和COD的去除率。电絮凝处理PVC化工废水的机理包括电絮凝、电化学氧化还原及电气浮等协同作用。     

有机改性膨润土吸附锌离子的性能

研究了有机改性膨润土对锌离子的吸附性能。结果表明:有机改性膨润土对水中锌离子的吸附在60 min达到平衡;在50 mL1、0 mg/L的锌离子溶液中,当其用量为1.0 g时,有机改性膨润土对水中锌离子的吸附去除率达到92.8%;温度对水溶液中锌离子的去除有一定的影响,有机改性膨润土吸附水中锌离子的过程为放热反应。平衡吸附量与平衡质量浓度之间的关系符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附方程所描述的规律。     

Rapid method for on-site determination of phenolic contaminants in water using a disposable biosensor

A disposable biosensor was fabricated using single-walled carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles and tyrosinase (SWCNTs-AuNPs-Tyr) modified screen-printed electrodes. The prepared biosensor was applied to the rapid determination of phenolic contaminants within 15 minutes. The SWCNTs-AuNPs-Tyr bionanocomposite sensing layer was characterized with scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry methods. The characterization results revealed that SWCNTs could lead to a high loading of tyrosinase (Tyr) with the large surface area and the porous morphology, while AuNPs could retain the bioactivity of Tyr and enhance the sensitivity. The detection conditions, including working potential, pH of supporting electrolyte and the amount of Tyr were optimumed. As an example, the biosensor for catechol determination displayed a linear range of 8.0 × 10^-8 to 2.0 × 10^-5 mol·L^-1 with a detection limit of 4.5 × 10^-8 mol·L^-1 (S/N = 3). This method has a rapid response time within 10 s, and shows excellent repeatability and stability. Moreover, the resulting biosensor could be disposable, low-cost, reliable and easy to carry. This kind of new Tyr biosensor provides great potential for rapid, on-site and cost-effective analysis of phenolic contaminants in environmental water samples.     

国家标准GB 30188-2013《电焊条生产行业防尘防毒技术规程》解读

本文主要介绍了国家标准GB 30188-2013的意义、适用范围和内容,重点强调了电焊条生产行业有害物质及其对人体的健康危害,以及工程防治技术,为我国电焊条生产行业及其相关领域人员使用标准提供帮助。     

外立面作用下水平湍流浮力射流火焰的附壁研究

用防火板模拟建筑外立面,设计了可控流速和开口尺寸的气体燃烧器产生水平湍流浮力射流火焰,系统研究了外立面抑制火焰卷吸所导致的水平湍流浮力射流火焰附壁规律。将火焰流场演变分为两个阶段:(1)出口到流场水平动量衰减为零(等价点)的阶段;(2)火焰附壁或不附壁的阶段。其中,火焰附壁与否很大程度上取决于等价点到出口的水平距离LE。通过分析,我们发现雷诺应力是导致流场水平动量衰减和火焰附壁的主要原因。由此,我们基于普朗特混合长度理论推导了雷诺应力的近似表达式并结合动量控制方程,获得了LE与修正弗洛德数Fr*的线性关系,从理论上解释了出口宽高比n(n=B/H,B是开口宽度;H是开口高度)越大,火焰越容易附壁的现象,并确定了不同开口及流速条件下,火焰附壁的临界条件。     

双极液膜法可见光光催化降解染料废水

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Bi2O3-TiO2/Ti膜电极,X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见漫反射(DRS)和光电性能测试进行了表征,结果表明,Bi元素掺杂进入了TiO2催化剂,拓展了催化剂的光响应波长,使其在可见光下有较明显的光电响应.将Bi2O3-TiO2/Ti光阳极与Cu阴极组装成双极液膜反应器,在可见光下光催化处理活性艳红X-3B,得出当初始pH值为2.52,废水流量为80mL/min时,处理20mg/L活性艳红X-3B 150min,脱色率可达88%.双极液膜法可见光光催化的初步机理考察表明,光生电子自发由Bi2O3-TiO2表面转移到Cu电极表面,并在Cu电极表面直接还原染料,或与其表面液膜中的溶解氧反应生成H2O2,进而参与染料的氧化,由此可实现Bi2O3-TiO2/Ti的直接氧化和Cu阴极的直接还原和间接氧化的双极双效效果.     

Microbial fuel cell with three-dimensional electrodes for domestic wastewater treatment and electricity generation北大核心CSCD

A single chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) with three-dimensional electrodes packed bed carbon felts was developed to treat domestic wastewater while simultaneously generating electricity. The influence of batch and continuous operation mode on treatment effectiveness and electricity production of the MFC was investigated to provide a reference for the application of the MFC. The MFC with a total working volume of 1 440 mL was operated in the fed-batch mode for 5 d repeatedly three times, and then shifted to the continuous mode. During the testing of the continuous mode, wastewater was continuously pumped into the anode compartment at a flow rate of approximately 0.2 mL/min, resulting in a hydraulic retention time of 5 d. During the batch test, the MFC obtained 91.1% chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 98.2% NH4 +-N removal, which accorded with the first criteria specified in the discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plants in China (GB18918-2002). A maximum power density of 27.88 mW/m3 was achieved at a 51 Ω external resistor. During the continuous test, the COD removal efficiencies ranged from 83.2% to 97.4%. The concentration of NH4 +-N gradually decreased within 5 d and was then maintained below 9.45 mg/L, thus an enhanced removal performance of NH4 +-N was acquired. However, a low removal efficiency of total nitrogen was observed owing to the accumulation of NO3 --N in the effluent since day 11. Additionally, the MFC continually generated electricity with a maximum power density of 582.5 mW/m3 and average output voltage of 0.087 7 V during the stable period in the continuous operation mode. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing showed that Thauera sp., Saprospiraceae-UN sp., and OPB56-UN sp. were identified as dominant populations. The results suggested that the organic matter associated with power generation was constantly utilized by the microorganisms in the reactor, which caused an excellent electricity generation performance during the continuous test. Therefore, the continuous operation mode could improve the low output voltage phenomenon in the MFC. Thauera sp., as a type of nitrate-reducing bacteria, was enriched in the autotrophic denitrifying microbial communities; therefore, bio-enrichment with denitrifying bacteria such as Thauera sp. could decrease the concentration of NO3 --N in the effluent during the continuous operation mode, which is expected to be an innovation for improvement of wastewater treatment. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.