秸秆露天焚烧典型大气污染物排放因子

利用烟气污染物稀释采样系统,基于实际测试,针对玉米、小麦、花生和棉花4种农作物秸秆开展露天焚烧排放大气污染物采集和分析.利用修正燃烧效率区分燃烧状态,根据碳平衡法计算烟气中颗粒物和气态污染物排放因子.结果表明,4种秸秆露天焚烧CO、SO₂、NO_x和CH₄平均排放因子分别在7.39~92.4g/kg、0.11~0.89g/kg、0.72~3.86g/kg和0.2~5.45g/kg之间,PM_2.5平均排放因子在1.48~13.29g/kg之间.OC和EC的质量分别占PM_2.5全部质量的27.7%~54.3%和4.4%~17.1%,是PM_2.5的主要组成成分.污染物排放主要来自混合燃烧状态,焖烧状态排放污染物浓度相对较高.随着含水率升高,焖烧过程增强显著,CO、CH₄、PM_2.5和OC的排放因子升高,其中PM_2.5排放量增高主要是由OC排放占比升高导致.     

SOIL MOISTURE PREDICTION USING SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES1

ABSTRACT: Herein, a recently developed methodology, Support Vector Machines (SVMs), is presented and applied to the challenge of soil moisture prediction. Support Vector Machines are derived from statistical learning theory and can be used to predict a quantity forward in time based on training that uses past data, hence providing a statistically sound approach to solving inverse problems. The principal strength of SVMs lies in the fact that they employ Structural Risk Minimization (SRM) instead of Empirical Risk Minimization (ERM). The SVMs formulate a quadratic optimization problem that ensures a global optimum, which makes them superior to traditional learning algorithms such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The resulting model is sparse and not characterized by the “curse of dimensionality.” Soil moisture distribution and variation is helpful in predicting and understanding various hydrologic processes, including weather changes, energy and moisture fluxes, drought, irrigation scheduling, and rainfall/runoff generation. Soil moisture and meteorological data are used to generate SVM predictions for four and seven days ahead. Predictions show good agreement with actual soil moisture measurements. Results from the SVM modeling are compared with predictions obtained from ANN models and show that SVM models performed better for soil moisture forecasting than ANN models.     

遥感信息与作物生长模式的结合方法和应用--研究进展

将遥感信息与作物生长模式结合来预测作物产量,是目前的一个热点研究课题.概述了遥感信息与作物生长模式结合的主要方法,包括驱动法和初始化/参数化法,以及最新的一些研究个例.同时还分析了将遥感信息应用到作物生长模式过程中存在和有待改进的问题.     

FACTUAL INPUTS FOR ALLOCATION DECISIONS CONCERNING SCARCE WATER RESOURCES1

ABSTRACT: Factual inputs which may be useful for completing first-order assessments to aid decision-making on the allocation of scarce water resources are compiled. Water needs of major manufacturing industry groups and of minerals industries show wide variations in several measures of water use intensity. The chemicals and allied products and primary metals industries dominate the total water intake and consumptive water use by manufacturing industries. Consumptive use per employee for the petroleum and coal products industry group is nearly 2.5 times higher than that for any other industry group. Estimates of the water requirements per unit energy output for energy-processing systems vary by as much as an order of magnitude. Agricultural water use is larger than that of any other industry but water use for irrigation is not expected to increase significantly by the year 2020. In California, the production of crop calories and proteins per unit of irrigation water applied may vary by more than an order of magnitude. Crops which offer larger monetary returns per acre are irrigated most frequently.     

CONFLICTS IN WATER TRANSFER FROM IRRIGATION TO MUNICIPAL USE IN SEMIARID ENVIRONMENTS1

ABSTRACT: Conflicts caused through development of urban areas in proximity to irrigated agriculture in water-scarce regions can be minimized through the direct urbanization of irrigated lands. This shifts the water supply from one use to another on the same site rather than creating an additional use in an adjoining area. This condition has prevailed in the Phoenix region. In the Tucson region, the municipality is buying and retiring farmland in an adjacent agricultural area, for the purpose of acquiring the water right in order to transfer water to municipal use. This land purchase is necessitated by existing Arizona water law, which ties the water to the land. This method of transfer creates problems concerning how much water can be transferred per acre retired; what to do with the abandoned farmland; inequities to agribusiness and taxing entities; and loss of food crop production which have not been resolved. An alternative to the retirement of farms, applicable in the Tucson region, is to exchange treated municipal wastewater for irrigation water. While this method appears to be the least disruptive, it requires the resolution of certain institutional problems concerned with land and water management method.     

关于《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》中锌限量值的讨论

按照现行的《污泥农用中污染物控制标准》(GB4284-84)，锌超标问题是限制我国城市污泥农用的首要因素。本文从环境保护、土壤、植物营养、农业生产、人体营养及锌污染风险等角度综合分析了该标准中锌限量值的不合理性。我国的土壤普遍缺锌，是世界锌肥施用量最大的国家，人们在食品中也添加锌或用药物补锌；但我国现行的污泥农用标准中污染物控制对锌的控制过于严格，已成为城市污泥处理处置和资源化利用的羁绊，因此该标准中关于锌的限量值应该重新修订。修订标准时，不仅要考虑土地利用类型，还需要考虑锌的土壤环境容量。     

基于遗传算法与人工神经网络相结合的玉米估产研究

在遗传算法 (GeneticAlgorithm )与误差反传 (BackPropagation)网络结构模型相结合的基础上 ,设计了用遗传算法训练神经网络权重的新方法 ,并对吉林省梨树县的玉米进行了估产研究 ,同时与BP算法和灰色系统理论模型进行了比较。经检验 ,计算值与实际值接近 ,并优于灰色理论模型 ,具有良好的预测效果 ,从而为农作物估产提供了新方法     

秸秆资源的开发利用潜力及途径

本文从分析我国秸秆资源的利用现状入手,从＂印度模式＂得到启示,研究了秸秆资源的开发利用潜力及有效利用途径,以达到实现＂节粮型＂畜牧业合理结构的目的。     

Crop damage by urban environment in Malaysia

Environmental pollutants are causing worldwide damage to plants, forests and crop production, among which, gaseous and particulate metal pollutants from heavy industries in many developed countries are of major concern. Many of these pollutants kill plants, cause stunted growth and premature aging, inhibit flowering and fruiting, cause a reduction in dry matter, and thereby results in a great reduction in crop production in many countries. This paper describes how an urban environment in Malaysia which is an agricultural based country affects plant growth and crop production.     

典型喀斯特地区参考作物蒸散量的时空变化分析——以贵州省为例

喀斯特地区地表地下的二元储水结构导致地表水渗漏严重,而土被浅薄且分布不连续,土壤蓄水量不足,易导致作物出现缺水。以贵州省为例,基于FAO-56 Penman-Monteith公式和气象资料,估算了贵州省1961~2014年参考作物蒸散量ET_O,在此基础上运用反距离权重插值法对贵州省ET_O进行空间插值,分析了贵州省ET_O的时空变化特征,并用多元回归分析方法探讨了影响贵州省ET_O的主要因素。结果表明:贵州省西部地区的ET_O高于中、东部地区;1年之中ET_O主要集中于夏季和春季,冬季最少;60年代的ET_O高于多年平均值,70年代之后逐渐降低,90年代达到最低值,2000年以来ET_O急剧升高;从年际变化看,贵州省年平均ET_O总体呈波动上升趋势,1961~2002年持续降低,2003年以后显著升高;年际变化中秋季ET_O变化最大,其次为春季、夏季,冬季变化最小;影响贵州省ET_O的主导气象因素是日照时数,两者呈显著的正相关,地理纬度与ET_O存在明显的负相关。贵州省ET_O的时空特征研究及其影响因素分析将为其他喀斯特地区的农业发展和水资源合理配置提供科学依据。