农作物病虫害气象环境成因研究进展

简要概述了近年来农作物病虫害气象环境成因研究方面的最新进展,包括农作物病虫害发生流行的气候背景指示及其影响机制、与气象条件的关系和气候变化对病虫害发生流行的可能影响等.结果表明:海温、厄尔尼诺事件、大气环流等大尺度因子对病虫害的发生流行具有明显的前兆性指示;温度、湿度、降雨、风、光照等气象要素,对促进或抑制某种病虫害的发生、发展、流行及其危害程度都可能产生显著的影响;气候变化可能造成病虫害危害的地理范围扩大,程度加剧.     

华北地区冬小麦干旱时空分布特征

根据作物气候指标距平,利用经验正交函数和小波分析方法,研究了华北地区冬小麦干旱的空间分布和时间演变特征。研究结果表明,主要有3种空间分布类型:以中西部为中心的全区一致型;西北、东南相反分布型,其正值中心分布在北京、霸州等区域,负值中心分布在济南、淄川、临沂等区域;东、西相反分布型,其正值中心分布在河北省东北部的唐山、秦皇岛和山东省的烟台、福山、海阳为等区域,负值中心分布在河北省的邢台、石家庄以及河南省的安阳和新乡等区域;3种空间分布型时间系数变化趋势都表明,20世纪90年代以后华北地区冬小麦干旱呈加重的趋势。     

白银市区土壤作物系统重金属污染分析与防治对策研究

通过对白银市区土壤作物系统重金属含量与分布变化特征的调查分析，结果表明，只有东大沟污灌区土壤作物污染严重，Cd,Pb超标明显；西大沟清污混灌区土壤环境为轻度污染，但作物质量符合标准要求；其余灌区土壤物质符合标准要求。最后，根据土壤作物重金属含量分布变化特征，提出了相应的防治对策。     

FACTUAL INPUTS FOR ALLOCATION DECISIONS CONCERNING SCARCE WATER RESOURCES1

ABSTRACT: Factual inputs which may be useful for completing first-order assessments to aid decision-making on the allocation of scarce water resources are compiled. Water needs of major manufacturing industry groups and of minerals industries show wide variations in several measures of water use intensity. The chemicals and allied products and primary metals industries dominate the total water intake and consumptive water use by manufacturing industries. Consumptive use per employee for the petroleum and coal products industry group is nearly 2.5 times higher than that for any other industry group. Estimates of the water requirements per unit energy output for energy-processing systems vary by as much as an order of magnitude. Agricultural water use is larger than that of any other industry but water use for irrigation is not expected to increase significantly by the year 2020. In California, the production of crop calories and proteins per unit of irrigation water applied may vary by more than an order of magnitude. Crops which offer larger monetary returns per acre are irrigated most frequently.     

CONFLICTS IN WATER TRANSFER FROM IRRIGATION TO MUNICIPAL USE IN SEMIARID ENVIRONMENTS1

ABSTRACT: Conflicts caused through development of urban areas in proximity to irrigated agriculture in water-scarce regions can be minimized through the direct urbanization of irrigated lands. This shifts the water supply from one use to another on the same site rather than creating an additional use in an adjoining area. This condition has prevailed in the Phoenix region. In the Tucson region, the municipality is buying and retiring farmland in an adjacent agricultural area, for the purpose of acquiring the water right in order to transfer water to municipal use. This land purchase is necessitated by existing Arizona water law, which ties the water to the land. This method of transfer creates problems concerning how much water can be transferred per acre retired; what to do with the abandoned farmland; inequities to agribusiness and taxing entities; and loss of food crop production which have not been resolved. An alternative to the retirement of farms, applicable in the Tucson region, is to exchange treated municipal wastewater for irrigation water. While this method appears to be the least disruptive, it requires the resolution of certain institutional problems concerned with land and water management method.     

Methane emissions from ricefields as affected by organic amendment, water regime, crop establishment, and rice cultivar

Methane fluxes from Beijing ricefields as affected by organic amendment, water regime, crop establishment method, and rice cultivar were measured with a closed chamber method in 1990, 1991, 1995, and 1996. Total fluxes from plots receiving high organic amendment always exceeded those from the low-input plots. Compared with continuous flooding, intermittent irrigation (there were a few days of no standing water between two irrigations) and constant moisture (the field had no standing water, but remained saturated) reduced methane emission rate by 25.4 and 58.4%, respectively. Methane flux from a dry-seeded rice field was 75.2% lower than from a transplanted ricefield although both dry-seeded rice plots and transplanted ricefields were initially flooded at the same time. Rice cultivars differed in methane emission rates by 9.0–55.7%. Emission rates were positively correlated with aboveground dry matter production and root weight, but not grain yield. Intermittent irrigation and rice cultivar seem to be the most promising methods for mitigating methane emission from ricefields; they do not affect rice yield and are easily implemented at the farm level.     

石灰海泡石钝化后两种轮作模式对重度镉污染农田土壤的利用及修复

为安全利用并修复矿区重度镉污染农田,使作物达到饲料安全标准,以不同配比的石灰海泡石作为钝化剂,钝化后试验两种轮作模式（玉米-紫花苜蓿和玉米-黑麦草）,综合分析比较,筛选出最佳的钝化剂配比及配套的轮作模式.进行大田试验,测定土壤理化性质、重金属Cd有效态含量及作物中Cd含量、生物量,并采用BCR形态分级试验研究土壤钝化前后重金属形态的变化,综合分析评价其修复效果.结果表明：（1）通过石灰海泡石的施加,能不同程度地提高土壤pH值、有机质和CEC.（2）推荐施加量为LS1(石灰6.6 t·hm^-2+海泡石9.9 t·hm^-2),相比CK可显著降低玉米根、茎、叶和籽粒中重金属Cd的含量,分别降低了70.27%、 61.54%、 46.51%和44.23%.紫花苜蓿地上部Cd显著下降了78.47%,而黑麦草地上部Cd显著下降了65.79%.玉米季、紫花苜蓿种植区和黑麦草种植区土壤有效态Cd钝化率分别为51.37%、 69.58%和77.83%,土壤中重金属由活性高的弱酸提取态向活性低的残渣态进行转化.（3）推荐在施加量为LS1下,配合玉米-紫花苜蓿的轮...     

不同作物原料热裂解生物质炭对溶液中Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附特性

选择由小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和花生壳经350-500℃热裂解制成的生物质炭,研究生物黑炭对水溶液中Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附特性,分析了pH值、吸附时间、溶液初始质量浓度、生物质炭粒径和投加量对吸附效果的影响。结果表明：生物质炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的吸附约10 min即达平衡;3种生物质炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的等温吸附均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程拟合,玉米秸秆炭对Cd2＋和Pb2＋的最大吸附量远大于小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭;在生物黑炭投加量为150 mg（6 g.L-1）时,3种生物黑炭对溶液Cd2＋的去除率均在90%以上,玉米秸秆炭对溶液Pb2＋的去除率达90.30%,而小麦秸秆炭和花生壳炭的去除率仅为52%和47%,玉米秸秆炭有望成为处理重金属污染废水的新型吸附材料。     

矿粮复合区土壤-作物系统重金属污染风险性评价

为分析矿区污染农田农作物生产的生态安全性,以焦作市中马村矿区的典型农田为例,对矿区农田土壤及植物中Zn、Cr、Cd、Cu和Pb等重金属的质量分数进行了测定,并对重金属污染风险进行了评价。结果表明,根据重金属的单项污染指数,在矿井水污灌农田（F1样地）土壤中Zn和Cd的质量分数达到中度污染水平,Cr的质量分数达到轻微污染水平,Cu和Pb元素质量分数未达到污染水平。在煤矸石污染农田（F2样地）土壤中Zn、Cr和Cd的质量分数达到轻度污染水平,Cu和Pb元素质量分数未达到污染水平。在矿区公路侧农田（F3样地）土壤中各元素质量分数均未达到污染水平。采用潜在生态风险指数法对土壤重金属污染的生态风险进行评价,F1和F2样地综合生态风险指数分别为239．60和178．42,达到中等水平,F3样地土壤达到轻微生态风险水平。采用单项污染指数和综合污染指数法对小麦（Triticumaestivum）籽粒中重金属风险进行评价,在F1和F2样地中,小麦籽粒中Cu质量分数均未达到污染水平,Pb、Cd和Cr质量分数均达到重度污染水平。Zn质量分数在Fl样地中达到轻度污染水平,在F2样地中达到中度污染水平。在F3样地中,小麦籽粒中Cd和Cu质量分数未达到污染水平,Zn质量分数达到轻度污染水平,Pb、Cr质量分数达到重度污染水平。从综合污染指数评价来看,F1、F2和F33个样地小麦籽粒中重金属污染综合指数均达到重度污染水平。评价结果对科学治理矿区污染土壤,确保矿区农田生态安全、粮食生产安全具有重要意义。     

Modelling dynamics of soil organic matter under different historical land-use management techniques in European Russia

We have analyzed an influence of the traditional agricultural system techniques on the soil organic matter dynamics using the model of carbon and nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystems EFIMOD linked with the model of SOM dynamics ROMUL. Forest stands on the loamy soddy-podzolic soils (Alfisoils) located in the Central European Russia have been taken for the case study. The following land-use management scenarios were simulated: (a) slash-and-burn system with 3 years for crops and 120, 60 and 25 years for forest; (b) three-field crop rotation system with organic fertilization (dung) every 3 and 9 years and the same rotation without fertilization; and (c) short-term field-forest shifting system with 10 years for crops and 10 and 25 years for forest. Analysis of the results showed that the frequency of agricultural use in mixed field-forest land-use systems was crucial for soil organic matter dynamics. Under the short interval between agriculture, the stocks of all soil organic matter pools decreased. Under all scenarios except the three-field crop rotation with fertilization and the slash-and-burn system with 120 years for forest, a strong reduction of soil organic matter occurred after 30-130 years of the agricultural impacts. The highest reduction rates were modelled under the short-term field-forest shifting system and three-field rotation without fertilization. Fertilization led to stabilization of soil organic matter pools and gave a possibility for a long time stable agricultural use.