Fate of CL-20 in sandy soils: degradation products as potential markers of natural attenuation

Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) is an emerging explosive that may replace the currently used explosives such as RDX and HMX, but little is known about its fate in soil. The present study was conducted to determine degradation products of CL-20 in two sandy soils under abiotic and biotic anaerobic conditions. Biotic degradation was prevalent in the slightly acidic VT soil, which contained a greater organic C content, while the slightly alkaline SAC soil favored hydrolysis. CL-20 degradation was accompanied by the formation of formate, glyoxal, nitrite, ammonium, and nitrous oxide. Biotic degradation of CL-20 occurred through the formation of its denitrohydrogenated derivative (m/z 393 Da) while hydrolysis occurred through the formation of a ring cleavage product (m/z 156 Da) that was tentatively identified as CH₂N-C(N-NO₂)-CHN-CHO or its isomer N(NO₂)CH-CHN-CO-CHNH. Due to their chemical specificity, these two intermediates may be considered as markers of in situ attenuation of CL-20 in soil.     

自然灾害基本定义的探讨

自然灾害的研究,正在变为一门热门的学科.然而,大多数人是通过举例来回答"什么是自然灾害?"这一问题,一些学者则干脆对此避而不谈.显然,如果对"自然灾害"这一概念没有严格的定义,如果人们只热衷于提出各种概念模型,热衷于案例分析,则"自然灾害学"就很难上升为一门科学内核清楚的学科.从分析定义的本质人手,梳理出下定义的4条规则,指出了现有5个自然灾害定义的不足之处,建议了一个自然灾害的基本定义,并用它分别对<国家综合减灾"十一五"规划>中提及的13种自然灾害进行了界定.     

AhR agonist and genotoxicant bioavailability in a PAH-contaminated soil undergoing biological treatment

Background, aim, and scope  Degradation of the 16 US EPA priority PAHs in soil subjected to bioremediation is often achieved. However, the PAH loss is not always followed by a reduction in soil toxicity. For instance, bioanalytical testing of such soil using the chemical-activated luciferase gene expression (CALUX) assay, measuring the combined effect of all Ah receptor (AhR) activating compounds, occasionally indicates that the loss of PAHs does not correlate with the loss of Ah receptor-active compounds in the soil. In addition, standard PAH analysis does not address the issue of total toxicant bioavailability in bioremediated soil. Materials and methods  To address these questions, we have used the CALUX AhR agonist bioassay and the Comet genotoxicity bioassay with RTL-W1 cells to evaluate the toxic potential of different extracts from a PAH-contaminated soil undergoing large-scale bioremediation. The extracts were also chemically analyzed for PAH16 and PCDD/PCDF. Soil sampled on five occasions between day 0 and day 274 of biological treatment was shaken with n-butanol with vortex mixing at room temperature to determine the bioavailable fraction of contaminants. To establish total concentrations, parts of the same samples were extracted using an accelerated solvent extractor (ASE) with toluene at 100°C. The extracts were tested as inducers of AhR-dependent luciferase activity in the CALUX assay and for DNA breakage potential in the Comet bioassay. Results  The chemical analysis of the toluene extracts indicated slow degradation rates and the CALUX assay indicated high levels of AhR agonists in the same extracts. Compared to day 0, the bioavailable fractions showed no decrease in AhR agonist activity during the treatment but rather an up-going trend, which was supported by increasing levels of PAHs and an increased effect in the Comet bioassay after 274 days. The bio-TEQs calculated using the CALUX assay were higher than the TEQs calculated from chemical analysis in both extracts, indicating that there are additional toxic PAHs in both extracts that are not included in the chemically derived TEQ. Discussion  The response in the CALUX and the Comet bioassays as well as the chemical analysis indicate that the soil might be more toxic to organisms living in soil after 274 days of treatment than in the untreated soil, due to the release of previously sorbed PAHs and possibly also metabolic formation of novel toxicants. Conclusions  Our results put focus on the issue of slow degradation rates and bioavailability of PAHs during large-scale bioremediation treatments. The release of sorbed PAHs at the investigated PAH-contaminated site seemed to be faster than the degradation rate, which demonstrates the importance of considering the bioavailable fraction of contaminants during a bioremediation process. Recommendations and perspectives  It has to be ensured that soft remediation methods like biodegradation or the natural remediation approach do not result in the mobilization of toxic compounds including more mobile degradation products. For PAH-contaminated sites this cannot be assured merely by monitoring the 16 target PAHs. The combined use of a battery of biotests for different types of PAH effects such as the CALUX and the Comet assay together with bioavailability extraction methods may be a useful screening tool of bioremediation processes of PAH-contaminated soil and contribute to a more accurate risk assessment. If the bioremediation causes a release of bound PAHs that are left undegraded in an easily extracted fraction, the soil may be more toxic to organisms living in the soil as a result of the treatment. A prolonged treatment time may be one way to reduce the risk of remaining mobile PAHs. In critical cases, the remediation concept might have to be changed to ex situ remediation methods.     

材料自然环境试验数据工程化应用方法探讨

目的研究探讨材料自然环境试验数据在装备设计选材和寿命预测方面的工程化应用方法。方法通过分析材料自然环境试验数据与装备实际使用状态的符合性原则,利用肖维奈准则和子样变异系数法对暴露于海南万宁的2A12铝合金抗拉强度试验数据进行处理。采用环境效应修正系数C-t曲线初步评价2A12铝合金在某型飞机上的工程应用情况及使用寿命。结果 2A12铝合金海洋大气环境下最终的使用年限为36年,满足在海洋大气环境服役使用要求,同时满足一般军用飞机最长30年日历寿命要求,可将2A12铝合金应用于机身、机翼上翼面、平尾、垂尾等机体主要部位。结论该方法初步实现了材料自然环境试验数据在某型飞机上的工程化应用。     

燃煤电厂“烟塔合一”技术在环评技术评估中存在的问题与建议

介绍了国内外燃煤电厂“烟塔合一”技术的应用现状,阐述了我国已评估“烟塔合一”燃煤电厂的特点,重点对我国采用此技术的项目环评技术评估情况进行了分析,并针对评估中存在的预测结果不确定及复核困难、环境影响认识不统一等问题提出了相关建议。     

铅的污染危害及天然产物防治铅中毒

本文从铅污染的生活环境化、低浓度环境铅污染对儿童发育和智力的阻碍、传统驱铅剂存在的问题论述了探索高效、安全、无毒副作用驱铅剂对防治环境铅污染慢性中毒的重要性 ,介绍了国内外利用天然产物防治铅中毒的研究概况及进展 ,指出利用天然产物防治铅中毒是一项很有意义的探索方向。     

活性炭对天然水体中甲基对硫磷和三氯乙烯的吸附特性研究

采用序批式试验研究了3种粉末活性炭(PAC)对天然水体中甲基对硫磷(MP)和三氯乙烯(TCE)的吸附平衡特性,利用均相表面扩散模型(HSDM)对不同投炭量下的吸附动力学进行拟合与预测,并探讨了天然有机物(NOM)对MP、TCE在PAC上的竞争吸附效应.研究结果表明,天然水体条件下,3种PAC对MP和TCE的吸附符合Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型;MP比TCE更易于被PAC吸附;3种PAC对MP、TCE的吸附能力由大到小依次为YK炭、SL炭和JC炭;HSDM模型可以很好地对吸附动力学进行拟合,并能够有效地预测不同投炭量时的吸附动力学;天然水体中的NOM会与MP和TCE在PAC上发生竞争吸附,NOM对MP的竞争吸附作用相对TCE更为显著.     

高含硫气田水治理研究

介绍了用吹脱一混凝沉淀法处理高含硫气田水的室内试验及现场试验情况，着重介绍了吹脱工艺参数的选择。采用该工艺处理高含硫气田水具有工艺简单，处理效率高的特点，解决了高含硫气田水的污染问题。     

四川省燃煤电厂粉煤灰制建材的辐射影响预断评价

本文根据四川省八大燃煤电厂粉煤灰的天然辐射水平,使用KarPov及UNSCEAR报告提供的方法,估算了全省八大电厂粉煤灰所制建材给居民带来的附加辐射剂量(0.3～1.6mSv/a),推算出全省各大电厂粉煤灰在建材中满足国家放射标准的最大允许掺和量(54％～100％)。     

流动注射分光光度法测定天然水中亚硝酸根

采用流动注射分析技术,以N-(1-萘基)乙二胺为显色剂在540nm比色,建立了流动注射分光光度法测定亚硝酸根含量的方法。在30个／h样分析速度下,检测限为0．008mg／L。用于天然水样测定,结果令人满意。